Table 2.
Association of women’s empowerment and socioeconomic status with coverage of antenatal care in the pooled data (n=48 107)
| Characteristics | Total n (%) |
Adequate ANC (%) (95% CI) |
Model I OR (95% CI) |
Mode II AOR (95% CI) |
| Women’s empowerment and socioeconomic status (WESES) | ||||
| Poor | ||||
| Low empowered | 7270 (15.2) | 17.2 (15.8 to 18.7) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Medium empowered | 3795 (13.1) | 18.6 (17.1 to 20.2) | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.19) | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.19) |
| Highly empowered | 5634 (8.2) | 23.3 (21.5 to 25.2) | 1.50 (1.33 to 1.68)*** | 1.33 (1.18 to 1.49)*** |
| Middle class | ||||
| Low empowered | 6293 (7.9) | 29.4 (27.2 to 31.6) | 2.02 (1.79 to 2.28)*** | 1.57 (1.38 to 1.77)*** |
| Medium empowered | 3233 (6.7) | 26.9 (24.7 to 29.2) | 1.98 (1.75 to 2.24)*** | 1.50 (1.32 to 1.70)*** |
| Highly empowered | 6611 (6.2) | 33.6 (30.8 to 36.5) | 2.65 (2.35 to 3.00)*** | 1.91 (1.69 to 2.17)*** |
| Rich | ||||
| Low empowered | 3961 (11.7) | 35.1 (32.8 to 37.5) | 3.22 (2.88 to 3.60)*** | 2.07 (1.84 to 2.32)*** |
| Medium empowered | 2990 (13.7) | 36.7 (34.0 to 39.4) | 3.57 (3.21 to 3.96)*** | 2.22 (1.99 to 2.49)*** |
| Highly empowered | 8319 (17.3) | 44.2 (42.2 to 46.3) | 5.18 (4.68 to 5.72)*** | 3.07 (2.75 to 3.43)*** |
| Random variance parameter: variance (SE) | ||||
| Community level | 1.62 (0.06) | 1.48 (0.06) | ||
| Country level | 1.03 (0.65) | 0.75 (0.47) | ||
Model II was additionally adjusted by respondent’s age, number of children, media exposure, modern contraceptive usage, age at birth, wanted last pregnancy, husband’s educational level and place of region.
Significance level: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
Results of full models are presented in online supplemental appendix table 5.
ANC, antenatal care; AOR, adjusted OR; n, number of total respondents; Ref, reference category.