Table 2.

Results of multilevel survival analyses for onset of incident dementia

Fixed effect	Model 1	Model 2 (1 year)
	n=11 032	n=10 780
	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Community-level variables
Rate of receiving emotional support*	0.96 (0.94 to 0.99)	0.97 (0.94 to 0.99)
Rate of providing emotional support*	0.99 (0.96 to 1.01)	0.99 (0.96 to 1.01)
Rate of receiving instrumental support*	1.01 (0.97 to 1.04)	1.01 (0.97 to 1.04)
Rate of providing instrumental support*	1.00 (0.97 to 1.03)	1.00 (0.97 to 1.02)
Random effects
Community-level variance (SE)	0.06 (0.05)	0.04 (0.06)

HR adjusted for sex, age, living alone, marital status, education, present illness, GDS, smoking status, alcohol consumption, receiving emotional support, providing emotional support, receiving instrumental support and providing instrumental support. (The full version, including individual-level results, is shown in online supplemental table 4).

*HR for one-point increment of community-level social support (range: 0–100).

GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale.