Table 1.
Comparison of baseline clinical characteristics, NIV therapy, and clinical outcomes in patients who required intubation or not intubation.
| Intubation (n = 16) | Nonintubation (n = 23) | Unadjusted p-value | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline clinical characteristics | |||||
| Age, years | 65.0 (58.5–69.0) | 62.0 (59.5–65.0) | 0.343 | ||
| Male, n (%) | 11 (68.8) | 15 (65.2) | 0.818 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 (21.7–26.2) | 25.4 (22.8–27.1) | 0.394 | ||
| White blood cell count, ×109/L | 5.5 (4.1–6.9) | 4.3 (3.5–5.1) | 0.112 | ||
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.746 | ||
| Procalcitonin, ng/ml | 0.08 (0.06–0.11) | 0.07 (0.05–0.10) | 0.563 | ||
| D-dimer, μg/ml | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.107 | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Chronic respiratory disease, n (%) | 2 (12.5) | 1 (4.3) | 0.557 | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 7 (43.8) | 7 (30.4) | 0.503 | ||
| Chronic cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 3 (3.3) | 5 (4.7) | 0.820 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | 0.398 | ||
| Chronic hepatic disease, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (4.3) | 0.791 | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 3 (18.8) | 4 (17.4) | 0.913 | ||
| Cancer, n (%) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (4.3) | 0.791 | ||
| Clinical data before NIV therapy | |||||
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 25.0 (24.8–26.5) | 23.0 (22.0–28.5) | 0.159 | ||
| Heart rate, breaths/min | 83.0 (77.0–88.0) | 81.0 (74.0–89.0) | 0.938 | ||
| pH | 7.46 (7.45–7.48) | 7.45 (7.43–7.47) | 0.534 | ||
| PaO2, mmHg | 72.1 (64.6–78.8) | 72.2 (63.5–80.5) | 0.855 | ||
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 144.1 (126.0–169.5) | 180.0 (151.4–226.5) | 0.016 | ||
| The time interval from symptom onset to initiating NIV, days | 10.5 (5.8–13.5) | 11.0 (9.0–13.5) | 0.489 | ||
| NIV as the rescue therapy, n (%) | 11 (68.8) | 6 (26.1) | 0.011 | 5.43 (1.09–27.12) | 0.039 |
| APACHE II | 12.0 (10.8–13.5) | 10.0 (8.5–12.0) | 0.094 | ||
| Clinical data after 1–2 h NIV therapy | |||||
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 24.0 (21.5–28.5) | 22.0 (20.0–23.5) | 0.143 | ||
| Heart rate, breaths/min | 78.0 (73.5–85.5) | 78.0 (71.0–86.0) | 0.935 | ||
| Pressure support, cmH2O | 6.0 (6.0–6.3) | 7.0 (6.0–7.0) | 0.046 | ||
| EPAP, cmH2O | 6.0 (6.0–6.3) | 6.0 (6.0–7.0) | 0.703 | ||
| PaO2, mmHg | 87.2 (77.6–92.8) | 110.0 (99.5–125.6) | <0.001 | ||
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 181.3 (155.2–204.7) | 265.0 (215.2–306.7) | <0.001 | ||
| PaO2/FiO2 of ≤200 mmHg after 1–2 h of NIV initiation, n (%) | 11 (68.8) | 4 (17.4) | 0.002 | 9.35 (1.84–47.62) | 0.007 |
| Clinical outcomes | |||||
| Hospitalization duration, days | 46.0 (35.0–52.5) | 34.0 (28.0–40.0) | 0.007 | ||
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0) | 0.061 | ||
Data represent as median (interquartile range) or n (%).
NIV, noninvasive ventilation; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PaO2, arterial oxygen partial pressure; FiO2, fractional inspired oxygen; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; EPAP, expiratory positive airway pressure.
Variables entered in the model of logistic regression were: using NIV as the rescue therapy, APACHE II, pressure support, PaO2/FiO2 of ≤200 mmHg after 1–2 h of NIV initiation.