Fig. 1.

Antiretroviral therapy does not upregulate cytokines in human lymphoid tissues.

Blocks of lymphoid tissue were treated with 5 μmol/l of nucleotide retrotranscriptase inhibitors, ZDV (zidovudine) and 3TC (lamivudine) or NVP (nevirapine, NNRTI). Compounds were added every 3 days. Untreated donor-matched tissues were used as controls. (a) Cytokines upregulated by HIV-1 were not upregulated by ART alone. Presented are percentage of untreated control (±SEM) of cytokines measured at last day of culture (n = 8, ZDV+3TC; n = 8, NVP). (b) IL-1β and IL-2 were significantly downregulated by ZDV+3TC. Presented are mean concentrations (±SEM) of cytokines measured at the last day of culture (^∗P < 0.05, n = 8). ART, antiretroviral therapy.