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. 2021 May 6;35(8):1179–1190. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002881

Fig. 5.

Inactivated HIV-1 virions upregulate cytokines in human lymphoid tissue ex vivo.

Fig. 5

HIV-1 virions inactivated with AT-2 were added at two concentrations to previously untreated human lymphoid tissues every 3 days with a medium change starting from day 0 of culture or exposed once at the beginning of the culture. Cytokine and p24 release by these tissues were evaluated. (a) Cumulative p24 production of donor-matched tissues inoculated with HIV-1 or with AT-2-inactivated HIV-1. Tissues were inoculated with infectious HIV-1 (1× or 0.1×) or AT-2-inactivated HIV-1 (1× or 0.1×) either added every 3 days with medium change (all) or only once at the beginning of the culture (single). (b--f) Cytokine release into the culture medium by tissues treated with virions. Cytokine release is cumulative production over 12 days expressed in pg/ml. Presented are mean (± SEM) values (∗P < 0.05, n = 9).