Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Self-identified Black and White Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in a Safety-Net Hospital
| Variable | All patients (N = 1424) | Black (N = 683) | White (N = 741) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 56.1 ± 17.4 | 59.5 ± 17.1 | 52.9 ± 17.0 | <0.001* |
| Female sex | 633 (44.5%) | 320 (46.9%) | 313 (42.2%) | 0.080 |
| Hispanic | 488 (34.3%) | 71 (10.4%) | 417 (56.4%) | <0.001* |
| Non-Hispanic | 935 (65.7%) | 612 (89.6%) | 323 (43.6%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.2 ± 8.3 | 30.5 ± 9.2 | 30.0 ± 7.4 | 0.978 |
| Smoking history | 532 (37.4%) | 275(40.3%) | 257 (34.7%) | 0.030* |
| Alcohol use | 445 (31.3%) | 220 (32.2%) | 225 (30.4%) | 0.453 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 460 (32.3%) | 262 (38.4%) | 198 (26.7%) | <0.001* |
| Type 2 diabetes mellituswith baseline HbA1C <7% | 349 (24.5%) | 191 (28.0%) | 158 (21.3%) | <0.001* |
| Type 2 diabetes mellituswith baseline HbA1C 7 -<8% | 40 (2.8%) | 26 (3.8%) | 14 (1.9%) | |
| Type 2 diabetes mellituswith baseline HbA1C 8 -<9% | 20 (1.4%) | 13 (1.9%) | 7 (0.9%) | |
| Type 2 diabetes mellituswith baseline HbA1C 9 -<10% | 13 (0.9%) | 9 (1.3%) | 4 (0.5%) | |
| Type 2 diabetes mellituswith baseline HbA1C ≥10% | 38 (2.7%) | 23 (3.4%) | 15 (2.0%) | |
| Hypertension | 755 (53.0%) | 449 (65.7%) | 306 (41.3%) | <0.001* |
| Hypertension with baselineBP 130–140/80–90 mmHg | 140 (9.8%) | 92 (13.5%) | 48 (6.5%) | <0.001* |
| Hypertension with baseline BP >140/90 mmHg | 230 (16.2%) | 155 (22.7%) | 75 (10.1%) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 513 (36.0%) | 289 (42.3%) | 224 (30.2%) | <0.001* |
| Heart disease | 200 (14.0%) | 120 (17.6%) | 80 (10.8%) | <0.001* |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 57 (4.0%) | 40 (5.9%) | 17 (2.3%) | <0.001* |
| COPD | 99 (7.0%) | 44 (6.4%) | 55 (7.4%) | 0.467 |
| Asthma | 206 (14.5%) | 121 (17.7%) | 85 (11.5%) | <0.001* |
| CKD | 218 (15.3%) | 150 (22.0%) | 68 (9.2%) | <0.001* |
| Baseline eGFRa (mL/min/1.73m2) | 81.7 ± 32.5 | 79.5 ± 36.0 | 83.7 ± 28.8 | 0.010 |
| ESRD | 67 (4.7%) | 44 (6.4%) | 23 (3.1%) | 0.003* |
| Proteinuria | 53 (3.7%) | 27 (4.0%) | 26 (3.5%) | 0.658 |
| Malignancy | 146 (10.3%) | 91 (13.3%) | 55 (7.4%) | <0.001* |
| HIV infection | 41 (2.9%) | 31 (4.5%) | 10 (1.3%) | <0.001* |
| In-hospital medical therapy for COVID-19 | ||||
| Corticosteroids | 131 (9.2%) | 72 (10.5%) | 59 (8.0%) | 0.092 |
| IL-6 antibodies | 278 (19.5%) | 142 (20.8%) | 136 (18.4%) | 0.246 |
| IL-1 receptor antagonists | 48 (3.4%) | 23 (3.4%) | 25 (3.4%) | 0.995 |
| Remdesivir | 68 (4.8%) | 22 (3.2%) | 46 (6.2%) | 0.008* |
| Anticoagulants | 1207 (84.8%) | 585 (85.7%) | 622 (83.9%) | 0.369 |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, HbA1C hemoglobin A1C, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, IL-1 interleukin-1, IL-6 interleukin-6
Data were expressed as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or number of patients (%)
“*” denotes statistically significant difference between Black and White patients (p <0.05)
aPatients with end-stage renal disease were excluded