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. 2021 May 24;12:666344. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666344

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Copyright © 2021 Zhou, Tao, Zhao and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Patterns of EV-mediated communication of adipocytes with macrophages in adipose tissue. Adipocytes release microvesicles and exosomes through outward budding of plasma membrane or exocytosis via MVB pathway, respectively. Macrophages take up EVs by phagocytosis/micropinocytosis①, direct membrane fusion②, clathrin/caveolin -mediated endocytosis③ or binding with particular docking receptors④. Adipocyte-derived exosomes display general markers such as CD81, CD63, CD9, Alix, TSG101 and flotillin, as well as several cell-specific molecules such as adiponectin, FABP4 and perilipin A. EVs from adipocyte, ADSC or endothelial cell are presented in orange, green and gray, respectively.