TABLE 3.
Unstandardized latent change score model estimates.
| Estimate | SE | p | |
| 1. Regression estimates (Motivation latent change) | |||
| Motivation change ∼ Students’ anxiety | –0.14 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
| Motivation change ∼ Teachers’ social support | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.006 |
| Motivation change ∼ Classmates’ social support | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.957 |
| Motivation change ∼ Age | 0.06 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Motivation change ∼ Gender | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.120 |
| 2. Factor loadings (Motivation items) | |||
| Motivation pre-COVID-19 = ∼ M1 | 1.00 | ||
| Motivation pre-COVID-19 = ∼ M2 | 1.14 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Motivation pre-COVID-19 = ∼ M3 | 1.08 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Motivation pre-COVID-19 = ∼ M4 | 0.83 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
| Motivation pre-COVID-19 = ∼ M5 | 0.89 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Motivation COVID-19 = ∼ M1 | 1.00 | ||
| Motivation COVID-19 = ∼ M2 | 1.14 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Motivation COVID-19 = ∼ M3 | 1.08 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Motivation COVID-19 = ∼ M4 | 0.83 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
| Motivation COVID-19 = ∼ M5 | 0.89 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| 3.Intercepts (means) | |||
| 3.1. Motivation items | |||
| M1 pre-COVID-19 | 0.00 | ||
| M2 pre-COVID-19 | –0.25 | 0.16 | 0.112 |
| M3 pre-COVID-19 | –0.17 | 0.15 | 0.279 |
| M4 pre-COVID-19 | 0.89 | 0.20 | <0.001 |
| M5pre-COVID-19 | 0.67 | 0.17 | <0.001 |
| M1COVID-19 | 0.00 | ||
| M2 COVID-19 | –0.21 | 0.15 | <0.001 |
| M3COVID-19 | –0.27 | 0.15 | <0.001 |
| M4COVID-19 | 0.73 | 0.19 | <0.001 |
| M5COVID-19 | 0.59 | 0.16 | <0.001 |
| 3.2. Motivation latent variables | |||
| Motivation pre-COVID-19 | 3.10 | 0.62 | <0.001 |
| Motivation COVID-19 | 0.00 | ||
| Motivation change | –0.09 | 0.07 | 0.172 |
| 4. Variances | |||
| 4.1. Motivation items | |||
| M1 pre-COVID-19 | 0.82 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| M2 pre-COVID-19 | 0.34 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| M3 pre-COVID-19 | 0.38 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| M4 pre-COVID-19 | 0.91 | 0.08 | < 0.001 |
| M5 pre-COVID-19 | 0.58 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
| M1 COVID-19 | 0.58 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
| M2 COVID-19 | 0.25 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
| M3 COVID-19 | 0.30 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
| M4 COVID-19 | 0.80 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
| M5 COVID-19 | 0.63 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| 4.2. Motivation latent change | |||
| Motivation pre-COVID-19 | 0.00 | ||
| Motivation COVID-19 | 0.86 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Motivation change | 0.43 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
| 5. Co-variances | |||
| Motivation pre-COVID-19 ∼∼ Motivation change | –0.27 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| 6.Correlated error terms | |||
| M1 pre-COVID-19 ∼∼ M1 COVID-19 | 0.08 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
| M2 pre-COVID-19 ∼∼ M2 COVID-19 | 0.08 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
| M3 pre-COVID-19 ∼∼ M3 COVID-19 | 0.15 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
| M4 pre-COVID-19 ∼∼ M4 COVID-19 | 0.60 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
| M5 pre-COVID-19 ∼∼ M5 COVID-19 | 0.30 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
“∼,” “= ∼,” and “∼∼” symbols follow lavaan R package (Rosseel, 2012) operators’ terminology and stand for “regressed on,” “is measured by,” and “correlated with,” respectively.