Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies to calculate total prevalence in the general population.
| Study | Year | Total | Mean age | Population | Ethnicity | Region | Men% | ERP% | ERP of men (%) | ERP of women (%) |
| Holkeri[24] | 2020 | 6631 | 50.1 ± 13.9 | Participants of the Mini-Finland Health Survey | Caucasian | Finland | 44.5 | 12.0 | 14.6 | 9.8 |
| Leiderman[25] | 2020 | 17,901 | 53.0 ± 13.0 | Participants at Montefiore Medical center (n = 6616) | AA | US | 38.6 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 4.6 |
| Participants at Montefiore Medical center (n = 9590) | Caucasian | 4.9 | ||||||||
| Others | NA | 4.5 | ||||||||
| Matta[26] | 2019 | 5398 | 35.0–74.0 | A general population from four mid-sized cities of Latin America | NA | Latin America | 41.3 | 7.3 | 9.2 | 5.9 |
| Creta[27] | 2019 | 616 | 7.5 ± 2.7 | Black African children from north-west Madagascar (300) | African | Madagascar | 47.4 | 23.3 | 25.1 | 21.7 |
| Caucasian ethnicity individuals (316) | Caucasian | Italy | 17.1 | 17.0 | 18.0 | |||||
| Trenkwalder[19] | 2019 | 13,878 | Mean: 54.6 | A population-based cohort located in the Rhein-Main region | Caucasian | Germany | 48.9 | 5.0 | 6.6 | 3.5 |
| Hasegawa[8] | 2019 | 395 | <60.0 | 395 healthy controls | Asian | Japan | NA | 10.0 | NA | NA |
| Movahed[28] | 2019 | 636 | 6.0–75.0 | Participants from the Anthony Bates Foundation | NA | US | NA | 13.5 | NA | NA |
| Abdellah[29] | 2018 | 1850 | NA | Consecutive subjects who attended the outpatient clinic of cardiology and internal medicine at SCUH, Ismailia, Egypt | African | Egypt | NA | 6.7 | NA | NA |
| Kelly[20] | 2018 | 4978 | ERP (−):46.2–65.0ERP (+): 43.2–62.7 | Black in the Jackson Heart Study cohort | AA | US | 35.8 | 28.3 | 50.2 | 16.1 |
| Rohel[30] | 2017 | 306 | 25.87 ± 3.3 | Female flight staff employed in French civilian or military sectors | Caucasian | France | 0 | 9.2 | NA | 9.2 |
| Trenkwalder[31] | 2017 | 1630 | 51.3 ± 13.5 | Population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-1) | Caucasian | Germany | 47.1 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.5 |
| Sun[32] | 2017 | 10899 | Mean: 53.6 | The general rural Chinese population of Liaoning Province | Asian | China | 45.3 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 0.2 |
| Cho[15] | 2017 | 26345 | 48 ± 10.2 | The general ambulatory Korean population from the Health Promotion Center of Asan Medical Center | Asian | Korea | 60.6 | 11.2 | 15.3 | 4.8 |
| Rodríguez-Capitán[33] | 2017 | 13,179 | Mean: 40 | A large cohort of working adults aged 16–74 years in 5 cities in different regions of Spain | Caucasian | Spain | 73.4 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 0.4 |
| Makarawate[34] | 2015 | 282 | 20.0−45.0 | Healthy young northeastern Thai men at check-up clinics | Asian | Thailand | 100.0 | 10.3 | 10.3 | NA |
| Chen [35] | 2014 | 2247 | 56.0 ± 15.0 | Adult who received an ECG during a physical checkup or in the outpatient clinics | Asian | China | 47.9 | 24.2 | NA | NA |
| Macfarlane[36] | 2013 | 1496 | ≥18 .0 | Healthy individuals in the authors’ lab in UK | Caucasian | UK | 57.4 | 29.3 | 35.0 | 21.5 |
| Walsh[37] | 2013 | 5069 | 18.0−30.0 | Participants (40% black) from the CARDIA cohort (n = 2028) | AA | US | 45.5 | 30.5 | 36.6 | 3.5 |
| Participants (60% white) from the CARDIA cohort (n = 3041) | Caucasian | 10.6 | ||||||||
| Rollin[38] | 2012 | 1161 | 49.8 ± 8.6 | In middle-aged individuals living in the southwestern France | Caucasian | France | 51.6 | 13.7 | 21.0 | 5.9 |
| Lanza[39] | 2012 | 4176 | ERP (+): 38.3 ± 17.9ERP (−): 52.3 ± 17.8 | At Cardiology Service and the Center of pre-hospital evaluation of University Hospital in Italy (without structural heart disease) | Caucasian | Italy | 45.0 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 0.6 |
| Noseworthy[40] | 2011 | 9444 | 18.0−80.0 | Framingham Heart Study (n = 3955) | Caucasian | US | 45.0 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 2.0 |
| Health 2000 Study (n = 5489) in Finland | Caucasian | Finland | ||||||||
| Reinhard[41] | 2011 | 1877 | 18.0−60.0 | 1877 individuals from 505 white nuclear families | Caucasian | UK | 50.2 | 7.7 | 11.7 | 3.7 |
| Uberoi[42] | 2011 | 29281 | Male: 55.0 ± 14.0Female: 56.0 ± 17.0 | From the VA Palo Alto Health Care System (n = 3875) | AA | US | 87.2 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 0.6 |
| From the VA Palo Alto Health Care System (n = 25,406) | Caucasian | 1.7 | ||||||||
| Tikkanen[21] | 2011 | 10,864 | 30.0−59.0 | Middle-aged from 35 different geographical areas of Finland | Caucasian | Finland | 52.0 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 3.8 |
| Sinner[43] | 2010 | 6213 | 52.0 ± 10.1 | In the region of Augsburg, Southern Germany | Caucasian | Germany | 48.8 | 13.1 | 14.5 | 11.7 |
| Haissaguerre[5] | 2008 | 412 | 36.0 ± 12.0 | Control group comprised 412 subjects without heart disease | Caucasian | France | 65.5 | 5.1 | NA | NA |
| Kui[44] | 2008 | 1817 | 46.0 ± 15.0 | Healthy Chinese from April 2006 to July 2006 | Asian | China | 62.2 | 4.6 | 6.8 | 0.9 |
| Klatsky[45] | 2003 | 2081 | 24.0−62.0 | Individuals undergoing health examinations (n = 759) | AA | US | 55.7 | 45.8 | 50.0 | 9.5 |
| Individuals undergoing health examinations (n = 204) | Asian | 35.8 | ||||||||
| Individuals undergoing health examinations (n = 1,298) | Caucasian | 19.2 | ||||||||
| Surawicz[16] | 2002 | 1073 | 5.0−96.0 | Digitally stored ECGs, interpreted as normal, at St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis | Caucasian | US | 49.3 | 31.5 | 53.3 | 10.3 |