Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Patients (n) | HFrEF |
HFpEF |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No ablation |
Ablation |
Overall |
P value | No ablation |
Ablation |
Overall |
P value | |
| 7931 | 1958 | 9889 | 5166 | 897 | 6063 | |||
| Age (years), mean ± SE | 67 ± 13 | 65 ± 12 | 67 ± 13 | <.001 | 72 ± 12 | 70 ± 11 | 72 ± 12 | <.001 |
| Age group, % | ||||||||
| 18–49 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 8.6 | <.001 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 3.5 | <.001 |
| 50–64 | 34.3 | 36.7 | 34.8 | 23.1 | 24.9 | 23.4 | ||
| 65–74 | 27.8 | 31.4 | 28.5 | 27.2 | 33.0 | 28.0 | ||
| ≥75 | 29.4 | 22.9 | 28.1 | 46.3 | 37.7 | 45.1 | ||
| Sex, % | ||||||||
| Male | 73.3 | 78.9 | 74.4 | <.001 | 49.9 | 58.5 | 51.2 | <.001 |
| Female | 26.7 | 21.1 | 25.6 | 50.1 | 41.5 | 48.8 | ||
| Comorbidities† | ||||||||
| AF† | 58.8 | 59.1 | 58.8 | .788 | 61.9 | 65.0 | 62.3 | .074 |
| OSA† | 16.0 | 19.0 | 16.6 | .002 | 19.7 | 27.8 | 20.9 | <.001 |
| Obesity† | 24.8 | 29.0 | 25.7 | <.001 | 31.1 | 36.5 | 31.9 | .002 |
| Hypertension† | 79.0 | 81.4 | 79.5 | .018 | 85.1 | 86.5 | 85.3 | .263 |
| Diabetes† | 36.3 | 39.5 | 36.9 | .007 | 40.3 | 46.6 | 41.2 | <.001 |
| Coronary artery disease† | 53.1 | 53.6 | 53.2 | .696 | 44.6 | 47.0 | 44.9 | .167 |
| COPD† | 25.0 | 26.5 | 25.3 | .182 | 31.9 | 38.2 | 32.9 | <.001 |
| CKD stage 3 or more† | 28.8 | 32.0 | 29.4 | .005 | 30.8 | 31.3 | 30.9 | .743 |
| Prior CABG† | 16.4 | 16.7 | 16.5 | .772 | 12.9 | 16.2 | 13.3 | .007 |
| Hyperthyroidism† | 1.6 | 0.9 | 1.5 | .015 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | .958 |
| Alcohol disorder† | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.6 | .893 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 4.1 | .420 |
| Mitral valve stenosis† | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | .867 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | .123 |
| Prior stroke/TIA† | 9.9 | 8.9 | 9.7 | .161 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 11.5 | .699 |
| Peripheral vascular disease† | 7.1 | 6.3 | 7.0 | .183 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 7.8 | .490 |
| Anemia† | 17.5 | 18.4 | 17.7 | .324 | 21.7 | 24.6 | 22.2 | .054 |
| Median household income category for patient’s zip code‡ | ||||||||
| 1. 0–25th percentile | 30.7 | 30.2 | 30.6 | .079 | 25.8 | 30.3 | 26.5 | .027 |
| 2. 26–50th percentile | 26.1 | 25.2 | 25.9 | 27.2 | 24.9 | 26.9 | ||
| 3. 51st–-75th percentile | 24.9 | 23.7 | 24.7 | 25.7 | 25.8 | 25.7 | ||
| 4. 76th–100th percentile | 18.4 | 20.9 | 18.9 | 21.2 | 19.0 | 20.9 | ||
| Primary payer | ||||||||
| Federal insurance | 73.4 | 71.8 | 73.1 | .162 | 83.0 | 82.6 | 83.0 | .753 |
| Private insurance | 26.6 | 28.2 | 26.9 | 17.0 | 17.4 | 17.0 | ||
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||||
| Hospital bed size§ | ||||||||
| Small/medium | 14.2 | 6.1 | 12.6 | <.001 | 16.0 | 6.4 | 14.6 | <.001 |
| Large | 85.8 | 93.9 | 87.4 | 84.0 | 93.6 | 85.4 | ||
| Hospital teaching status‖ | ||||||||
| Non-teaching | 31.2 | 15.4 | 28.1 | <.001 | 32.7 | 17.7 | 30.5 | <.001 |
| Teaching | 68.8 | 84.6 | 71.9 | 67.3 | 82.3 | 69.5 | ||
| Admission type | ||||||||
| Nonelective | 94.5 | 87.7 | 93.2 | <.001 | 94.8 | 85.2 | 93.4 | <.001 |
| Elective | 5.5 | 12.3 | 6.8 | 5.2 | 14.8 | 6.6 | ||
| Admission day | ||||||||
| Weekday | 81.6 | 82.6 | 81.8 | .314 | 81.5 | 84.9 | 82.0 | .012 |
| Weekend | 18.4 | 17.4 | 18.2 | 18.5 | 15.1 | 18.0 | ||
| Disposition | ||||||||
| Home | 71.5 | 74.3 | 72.0 | <.001 | 64.1 | 64.2 | 64.1 | .063 |
| Facility/others | 28.5 | 24.7 | 28.0 | 35.9 | 35.8 | 35.9 | ||
| In-hospital mortality | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | .249 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | .710 |
| Length of stay (mean ± SE) | 4.8 ± 0.05 | 6.1 ± 0.11 | 5.0 ± 0.05 | <.001 | 4.5 ± 0.06 | 6.3 ± 0.27 | 4.7 ± 0.06 | <.001 |
AF = atrial fibrillation; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; SE = standard error; TIA = transient ischemic attack.
ICD-10 codes were used to identify respective comorbidities as per Supplemental Table 1.
Represents a quartile classification of the estimated median household income of residents within the patients’ zip code, derived from zip code demographic data obtained from Claritas. The quartiles are identified by values of 1 to 4, indicating the poorest to wealthiest populations. Because these estimates are updated annually, the value ranges vary by year. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/zipinc_qrtl/nrdnote.jsp
The bed size cutoff points, divided into small, medium, and large, have been done so that approximately one-third of the hospitals in a given region, location, and teaching status combination would fall within each bed size category. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_bedsize/nrdnote.jsp
A hospital is considered to be a teaching hospital if it has an American Medical Association–approved residency program, is a member of the Council of Teaching Hospitals, or has a ratio of full-time equivalent interns and residents to beds of 0.25 or higher. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_ur_teach/nrdnote.jsp