Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of primary outcome
| Primary outcome at 1 year |
HFrEF |
HR | HFpEF |
P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroups | HR | LL | UL | P value | LL | UL | ||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–49 | 0.61 | 0.38 | 0.99 | .047∗ | 0.35 | 0.08 | 1.47 | .150 |
| 50–64 | 0.71 | 0.56 | 0.91 | .006∗ | 1.01 | 0.67 | 1.52 | .958 |
| 65–74 | 0.68 | 0.52 | 0.89 | .006∗ | 0.89 | 0.63 | 1.26 | .515 |
| ≥75 | 0.74 | 0.55 | 0.99 | .042∗ | 0.80 | 0.57 | 1.11 | .189 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.87 | <.001∗ | 0.80 | 0.60 | 1.07 | .134 |
| Female | 0.60 | 0.44 | 0.83 | .002∗ | 0.94 | 0.70 | 1.26 | .684 |
| Comorbidities† | ||||||||
| AF† | 0.72 | 0.60 | 0.87 | .001∗ | 0.84 | 0.65 | 1.08 | .178 |
| OSA† | 0.80 | 0.59 | 1.10 | .176 | 0.75 | 0.49 | 1.16 | .194 |
| Obesity† | 0.75 | 0.56 | 0.99 | .042∗ | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.91 | .015∗ |
| Hypertension† | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.84 | <.001∗ | 0.85 | 0.68 | 1.05 | .134 |
| Diabetes† | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.78 | <.001∗ | 0.74 | 0.54 | 1.00 | .053∗ |
| Coronary artery disease† | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.82 | <.001∗ | 0.84 | 0.62 | 1.13 | .261 |
| COPD† | 0.86 | 0.69 | 1.07 | .180 | 0.78 | 0.57 | 1.06 | .113 |
| CKD stage 3 or more† | 0.73 | 0.59 | 0.90 | .003∗ | 0.69 | 0.49 | 0.96 | .029∗ |
| Prior CABG† | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.91 | .012∗ | 0.81 | 0.47 | 1.38 | .435 |
| Hyperthyroidism† | 0.90 | 0.20 | 3.91 | .888 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 3.11 | .386 |
| Alcohol disorder† | 0.95 | 0.60 | 1.45 | .827 | 0.61 | 0.19 | 1.99 | .411 |
| Mitral valve stenosis† | 1.20 | 0.12 | 11.73 | .873 | 1.81 | 0.34 | 9.61 | .488 |
| Prior stroke/TIA† | 0.82 | 0.54 | 1.24 | .346 | 0.65 | 0.31 | 1.35 | .246 |
| Peripheral vascular disease† | 0.75 | 0.47 | 1.19 | .216 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.87 | .025 |
| Anemia† | 0.83 | 0.63 | 1.09 | .181 | 0.72 | 0.49 | 1.06 | .096 |
| Primary payer | ||||||||
| Federal insurance | 0.66 | 0.56 | 0.78 | <.001∗ | 0.85 | 0.68 | 1.06 | .141 |
| Private insurance | 0.91 | 0.66 | 1.26 | .566 | 0.92 | 0.52 | 1.62 | .773 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||||
| Hospital bed size‡ | ||||||||
| Small/medium | 0.57 | 0.30 | 1.09 | .088 | 0.50 | 0.18 | 1.35 | .170 |
| Large | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.81 | <.001∗ | 0.88 | 0.71 | 1.09 | .246 |
| Hospital teaching status§ | ||||||||
| Non-teaching | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.97 | .034∗ | 0.77 | 0.46 | 1.28 | .321 |
| Teaching | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.82 | <.001∗ | 0.87 | 0.69 | 1.10 | .232 |
| Admission type | ||||||||
| Nonelective | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.80 | <.001∗ | 0.87 | 0.69 | 1.08 | .203 |
| Elective | 1.12 | 0.69 | 1.81 | .635 | 0.76 | 0.42 | 1.36 | .353 |
| Admission day | ||||||||
| Weekday | 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.83 | <.001∗ | 0.83 | 0.66 | 1.04 | .102 |
| Weekend | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.91 | .013∗ | 1.02 | 0.63 | 1.65 | .931 |
AF = atrial fibrillation; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR = hazard ratio; LL = lower limit; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; TIA = transient ischemic attack; UL = upper limit.
Statistically significant P values are designated by an asterisk.
ICD-10 codes were used to identify respective comorbidities as per Supplemental Table 1.
The bed size cutoff points, divided into small, medium, and large, have been done so that approximately one-third of the hospitals in a given region, location, and teaching status combination would fall within each bed size category. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_bedsize/nrdnote.jsp
A hospital is considered to be a teaching hospital if it has an American Medical Association–approved residency program, is a member of the Council of Teaching Hospitals, or has a ratio of full-time equivalent interns and residents to beds of 0.25 or higher. https://www.hcupus.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_ur_teach/nrdnote.jsp