Table 1.

Overview of neurocognitive systems involved in mathematical skill development.

Neurocognitive systems	Brain regions	Functional roles
Visual number form processing	Ventral temporal-occipital cortex (VTOC)  • fusiform gyrus  • inferior temporal gyrus	• symbolic number processing • semantic representations of numerical quantity
Quantity representation	Posterior parietal cortex (PPC)  • intraparietal sulcus (IPS)
Declarative memory	Medial temporal lobe (MTL)  • hippocampus  • parahippocampal gyrus	• long-term memory formation of number and math knowledge • generalization of learning
Parietal and prefrontal cortices	Posterior parietal cortex (PPC)  • IPS  • supramarginal gyrus (SMG) Prefrontal cortex  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)  • frontal eye field (FEF)	• visuospatial attention for objects • short-term representations and manipulations of quantities
Prefrontal control	Prefrontal cortex  • anterior insula (AI)  • DLPFC  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)	• cognitive control • flexible hubs for integrating information across multiple brain systems