Table I.
Various parameters of COVID-19 candidate vaccines included in the review
| Vaccine candidates | Species of NHP | Parameters | Proposed storage temperature (°C) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of NHPs and groups (including control/placebo/sham) | Site of animal experiment | Vaccine dosage and route | Time until challenge from the first dose (wk) | Live virus challenge dose | DPI of animal sacrifice | |||
| Inactivated vaccines | ||||||||
| BBV15212 | Rhesus macaques | 20 (4 groups, 5 in each group) | ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India | 3 µg+adjuvant B/6 µg+adjuvant A/6 µg+adjuvant B at 0, 14 days i.m. Two doses 14 days apart administered via i.m. route | 4 | 1×106.5 TCID50/ml, intranasally (0.5 ml: 0.25ml each nostril) and intratracheally (1 ml) | 7 | 2-8 |
| PiCoVacc13 | Rhesus macaques | 16 (4 groups, 4 in each group) | Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine center, Beijing, China | Either 3 or 6 µg at 0, 7 and 14 days i.m. Three doses at intervals of seven days each administered via i.m. route | 3 | 106 TCID50/ml, only intratracheally (volume not mentioned) | 7 | 2-8 |
| BBIBP-CorV14 | Cynomolgus macaques and Rhesus macaques | Safety evaluation: 40 Cynomolgus monkeys (4 groups, 10 in each group) Challenge study: 10 Rhesus macaques (4 macaques each in 2 vaccinated group and 2 placebo) | Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine center, Beijing, China | 2 or 4 or 8 µg of vaccine (0.5 ml) administered to Cynomolgus monkeys once a week for three weeks (4 doses) via i.m. route for safety profile 2 or 8 µg at 0 and 14 days administered to Rhesus macaques via i.m. route for viral challenge study Four or two doses given weekly and biweekly, respectively, to different NHPs via i.m. route | 3 | 106 TCID50/ml, intratracheally only (volume not mentioned) | Cynomolgus macaques: Day 25/36 Rhesus macaques: 7 DPI | Not known |
| Inactivated Vaccine15 | Rhesus macaques | 20 (10 in vaccinated group and 10 in control group) | Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China | 3 groups: 4 macaques given 200 EU i.m. at days 0 and 14 3 macaques given 100 EU i.m. at days 0 and 14 3 macaques given 20 EU i.m. at days 0 and 14 Two doses two weeks apart administered via i.m. route | 2 | 2×105 CCID50 given to each monkey nasally | At different time points: 200 EU group: 1 animal each on 3, 5, 7, 9 DPI 100 EU group: 1 animal each on 3, 7, 15 DPI 20 EU group: 1 animal each on 5, 9 and 15 DPI Adjuvant group: 1 animal each on 3, 5, 7, 9 and 15 DPI* | Not known |
| RNA vaccines | ||||||||
| mRNA-127318 | Rhesus macaques | 24 (3 groups, 8 in each group) | BIOQUAL, INC., Maryland, USA | Either 10 µg or 100 µg at 0 and 28 days i.m. Two doses 28 days apart administered via i.m. route | 8 | 106 50% TCID50 (1.9×105 pfu) intranasally (1 ml: 0.5 each nostril) and intratracheally (3 ml) | 14/15 DPI | 2-8 for 30 days, −20 for six months |
| BNT162b219 | Rhesus macaques | 18 (3 groups, 6 in each group) | New Iberia Research Left, University of Louisiana, Louisiana, USA And Southwest National Primate Research Left, San Antonio, Texas, USA | 30 or 100 μg on days 0 and 21 i.m. Two doses 21 days apart administered via i.m. route | 11 | 1.05×106 pfu, intranasally (0.25 ml) and intratracheally (0.25 ml) | 7/8 DPI | −70 Stable at RT for 24 h |
| ARCoV20 | Cynomolgus macaques | 30 (10 each in two vaccinated groups and 10 in placebo group) | Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China | 100 or 1000 μg on days 0 and 14 Two doses 14 days apart administered via i.m. route | Not done | Not done | Not done | 25 (RT) for one week |
| MRT550021 | Cynomolgus macaques | 15 (4 monkeys in each of three vaccinated groups, 3 naïve macaques) | New Iberia Research Left, Louisiana, USA | 15 or 45 or 135 μg on days 0 and 21 i.m. Two doses (500 μl each) 21 days apart administered via i.m. route | Not done | Not done | Not done | −20 |
| LION/repRNA-CoV2S22 | Pigtail macaque | 5 (3 in prime only and 2 in prime-boost group) | Washington National Primate Research Centre, Seattle, Washington, USA | 2 groups: Prime only: 250 μg single dose i.m. Prime boost: Two doses of 50 μg each at weeks 0 and 4 i.m. Single dose or two doses at four weeks interval administered via i.m. route | Not done | Not done | Not done | Stable for one week at RT after mixing vaccine constituents |
| Viral vector vaccines | ||||||||
| Ad26.COV2.S | Rhesus macaques | 32 (7 groups, 4-6 in each group) and 20 sham | BIOQUAL Inc., Maryland, USA | 1011 viral particles of Ad 26 vector i.m. Single-dose administered via i.m. route | 6 | 1.0×105 TCID50 intranasally (1 ml: 0.5 each nostril) and intratracheally (1 ml) | Not mentioned | Standard refrigeration |
| ChAdOx-1nCoV-1926 | Rhesus macaques | 18 (3 groups, 6 in each group) | Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA | 2.5×1010 viral particles ChAdO×1 nCoV-19, prime-only (28 days before challenge) and prime-boost regimens (56 and 28 days before challenge) administered via i.m. route Single dose or 2 doses at 28 days interval administered via i.m. route | 4 (prime only) 8 (prime boost) | 4×105 TCID50/ml, 4 ml intratracheally and 1 ml intranasally and 1 ml orally and 0.5 ml ocularly | 7 DPI | 2-8 |
| DNA vaccines | ||||||||
| INO-480030 | Rhesus macaques | 10 (2 groups, 5 in each group) | BIOQUAL Inc., Maryland, USA | 1 mg at days 0 and 28 ID Two doses 28 days apart administered via i.d. route | 17 | 1.1×104 pfu intranasally (1 ml: 0.5 each nostril) and intratracheally (1 ml) | Not mentioned | Stable at RT for >one year |
| GX-1931 | Cynomolgus macaques | 3 vaccinated macaques and 3 macaques previously not exposed to the virus used as controls in viral challenge study | Korea National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk, Republic of Korea | 3 mg GX-19 given i.m. at weeks 0, 3 and 5.5 Three doses three weeks apart administered via i.m. route | 15.5 | 2.6×107 TCID50/ml given intranasally and intratracheally and orally and intravenously and ocularly (volumes not mentioned) | 4 DPI | Stable at RT (4-25) |
| Protein subunit vaccines | ||||||||
| NVX-CoV237333,34 | Olive Baboon and Cynomolgus macaques | 10 (4 groups, 2-3 in each group) baboons Virus clearance study in 16 Cynomolgus macaques (4 groups of 4 macaques each) | BIOQUAL Inc., Maryland, USA | Three groups of Baboons: 1 μg/5 μg/25 μg NVX-CoV2373 (with 50 μg Matrix-M adjuvant) i.m. on days 0 and 21 One group of baboons: 2.5 μg NVX-CoV2373 without adjuvant, i.m. on days 0 and 21 Two groups of macaques: 5 μg/25 μg NVX-CoV2373 (with 50 μg Matrix-M adjuvant) i.m. on days 0 and 21 One group of macaques: 2.5 μg NVX-CoV2373 (with 25 μg Matrix-M adjuvant) i.m. on days 0 and 21 Two doses 21 days apart administered via i.m. route | 6 | 1.04×104 pfu intranasally and intratracheally (0.25 ml each) | 7 DPI | 2-8 for six months 24 h at RT |
| S-Trimer35 | Rhesus macaques | 18 (6 in each group) | Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China | 2 groups: 30 μg S-Trimer (with 0.25 ml AS03 adjuvant) on days 0 and 21 given i.m. 30 μg S-Trimer (with 1.5 mg CpG 1018 + 0.75 mg alum adjuvant) on days 0 and 21 given i.m. Two doses 21 days apart administered via i.m. route | 5 | 2.6×106 TCID50 intranasally (40%) and intratracheally (60%) | 5 DPI (2 from each group) and 7 DPI (4 from each group) | 2-8 |
| RBD36 | Rhesus macaques | 12 (7 vaccinated macaques in two dose groups, 2 macaques in placebo group and 3 in untreated group) | Kunming National High-level Biosafety primate Research Centre, Kunming, Yunnan, China | 20 μg or 40 μg on days 0 and 7 i.m. Two doses seven days apart administered via i.m. route | 4 | 106 pfu/ml only intranasally (0.5 ml) | Not mentioned | |
| Sad23L-nCoV-S/Ad49L-nCoV-S37 | Rhesus macaques | 8 (5 vaccinated and 3 control macaques) | Huangzheng Laboratory Animal Breeding Centre, Guangzhou, China | 5×109 pfu Sad23L-nCoV-S at week 0 i.m., followed by 5×109 pfu Ad49L-nCoV-S at week 4 i.m. Two doses four weeks apart administered via i.m. route | Not done | Not done | Not done | |
| S1-Fc38 | Cynomolgus macaques | 2 | Xieerxin Biotech, China | 500 μg on days 1, 5 and 23 i.m. Three doses four days and 22 days from first dose. Route of administration not mentioned | Not done | Not done | Not done | - |
*2 animals were also injected with RBD peptide. The data is not included in the table in view of inadequate number of macaques; TCID, tissue culture infective dose; EU, entropy units; CCID, cell culture infective dose; pfu, plaque-forming unit; LION, lipid inorganic nanoparticles; DPI, days post-inoculation; i.m., intramuscular; NHPs, non-human primates; RT, room temperature