Table 2.

Multilevel models with associations of macro-level variables with Pap smear and mammography uptake.

	Model 2
	Pap Smear (n = 99715)			Mammography (n = 54 557)
	OR (SE)	MOR	VPC	OR (SE)	MOR	VPC
Social protection expenditure
Sickness/healthcare	1.006 (0.063)	1.548	0.060	1.139 (0.094)	1.785	0.101
Disability	1.072 (0.151)	1.546	0.060	1.339 (0.242)	1.786	0.101
Old age	1.035 (0.047)	1.543	0.059	1.199** (0.067)	1.675	0.082
Survivors	1.197 (0.187)	1.533	0.058	1.464* (0.239)	1.738	0.093
Families/children	1.194 (0.158)	1.527	0.056	1.26 (0.237)	1.806	0.105
Unemployment	1.086 (0.147)	1.545	0.059	1.331 (0.227)	1.695	0.085
Housing	1.016 (0.307)	1.547	0.060	1.331 (0.565)	1.820	0.107
Social exclusion	0.667 (0.186)	1.524	0.056	1.766 (0.668)	1.792	0.102
Health care system characteristic
OOPP % THE	0.980 (0.012)	1.519	0.055	0.973 (0.014)	1.769	0.098
PHE % GDP	0.984 (0.062)	1.548	0.060	1.168 (0.095)	1.766	0.097
PC strength	0.313* (0.168)	1.501	0.052	3.197 (2.484)	1.804	0.104
Nr of GPs	0.999 (0.002)	1.547	0.060	1.004 (0.003)	1.781	0.100
Nr of gynaecologists	1.032 (0.020)	1.521	0.055	0.959 (0.023)	1.777	0.099
GP referral (ref: no referral)	0.532** (0.112)	1.465	0.046	1.023 (0.286)	1.831	0.109
GP referral & capitation (ref: no referral)	0.567** (0.102)	1.457	0.045	0.575* (0.144)	1.749	0.095

*p value ≤ 0.05, **p value ≤ 0.01, ***p value ≤ 0.001.

MOR = median odds ratio, VPC = variance partitioning coefficient, OOPP = out-of-pocket payments, THE = total health expenditure, PHE = public health expenditure, PC = primary care.

Note: Random intercept models adjusted for education, age, cohabitation status, self-rated health, area of residence, work status, country of birth, visit to a GP in the past 12 months, cancer screening programme and GDP per capita. The unemployment expenditure model was also adjusted for national unemployment rates.