Table 3.
Cross-level interactions between education and macro-level variables in their effect on cancer screening participation.
| Model 3 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macro-level variable |
Education * Macro-level variable |
|||
| Pap Smear |
Mammography |
Pap Smear |
Mammography |
|
| OR (SE) | OR (SE) | OR (SE) | OR (SE) | |
| Social protection expenditure | ||||
| Sickness * middle edu. | 0.959 (0.065) | 1.054 (0.089) | 1.058** (0.021) | 1.080*** (0.019) |
| Sickness * low edu. | 1.141*** (0.039) | 1.123** (0.041) | ||
| Disability * middle edu. | 1.022 (0.158) | 1.116 (0.211) | 1.029 (0.056) | 1.224*** (0.073) |
| Disability * low edu. | 1.215* (0.114) | 1.331** (0.125) | ||
| Old age * middle edu. | 1.043 (0.055) | 1.221*** (0.065) | 0.986 (0.020) | 0.979 (0.024) |
| Old age * low edu. | 0.971 (0.035) | 0.973 (0.037) | ||
| Survivors * middle edu. | 1.19 (0.199) | 1.488* (0.244) | 0.905 (0.046) | 0.991 (0.062) |
| Survivors * low edu. | 0.809* (0.076) | 0.96 (0.099) | ||
| Familiy * middle edu. | 1.411** (0.182) | 1.157 (0.220) | 1.011 (0.049) | 1.136* (0.058) |
| Familiy * low edu. | 1.098 (0.099) | 1.186 (0.107) | ||
| Unemployment * middle edu. | 1.025 (0.149) | 1.274 (0.246) | 1.026 (0.046) | 1.088 (0.058) |
| Unemployment * low edu. | 1.043 (0.088) | 1.044 (0.094) | ||
| Housing * middle edu. | 1.055 (0.354) | 1.205 (0.512) | 1.192 (0.125) | 1.19 (0.140) |
| Housing * low edu. | 1.464 (0.292) | 1.344 (0.273) | ||
| Social exclusion * middle edu. | 0.608 (0.186) | 1.414 (0.548) | 1.176 (0.127) | 1.303* (0.169) |
| Social exclusion * low edu. | 1.642** (0.303) | 1.528* (0.310) | ||
| Health care system characteristic | ||||
| OOPP % THE * middle edu. | 0.993 (0.013) | 0.986 (0.015) | 0.994 (0.004) | 0.986*** (0.004) |
| OOPP % THE * low edu. | 0.979*** (0.006) | 0.981** (0.007) | ||
| PHE % GDP * middle edu. | 0.953 (0.064) | 1.071 (0.098) | 1.042* (0.022) | 1.093*** (0.018) |
| PHE % GDP * low edu. | 1.129*** (0.039) | 1.127** (0.041) | ||
| PC strength * middle edu. | 0.246* (0.147) | 1.834 (1.542) | 1.494 (0.350) | 1.733 (0.488) |
| PC strength * low edu. | 2.264 (0.957) | 2.111 (0.960) | ||
| Nr of GPs * middle edu. | 0.998 (0.002) | 1.003 (0.003) | 1.002** (0.001) | 1.002** (0.001) |
| Nr of GPs * low edu. | 1.003* (0.001) | 1.002 (0.001) | ||
| Nr of gynaecologists * middle edu. | 1.043 (0.023) | 0.961 (0.023) | 0.991 (0.007) | 0.991 (0.008) |
| Nr of gynaecologists * low edu. | 0.975 (0.013) | 0.994 (0.014) | ||
| GP referral * middle edu. | 0.591* (0.132) | 1.016 (0.288) | 1.052 (0.083) | 0.969 (0.089) |
| GP referral * low edu. | 1.065 (0.155) | 0.91 (0.135) | ||
| GP referral & capitation * middle edu. | 0.586** (0.119) | 0.614 (0.157) | 1.004 (0.078) | 0.914 (0.080) |
| GP referral & capitation * low edu. | 0.985 (0.140) | 0.848 (0.120) | ||
*p value ≤ 0.05, **p value ≤ 0.01, ***p value ≤ 0.001.
Pap smear n = 99 715, Mammography n = 54 557.
OOPP = out-of-pocket payments, THE = total health expenditure, PHE = public health expenditure, PC = primary care.
Note: Random coefficients where included for education. Models were adjusted for age, cohabitation status, self-rated health, area of residence, work status, country of birth, visit to a GP in the past 12 months, cancer screening programme and GDP per capita. The unemployment expenditure model was also adjusted for national unemployment rates.