TABLE 1.
The baseline characteristics of all involved studies in the current meta‐analysis
| First Author | Year | Country | Ethnicity | Disease | Matched | Control status | Diagnosis | Study design | Age (yrs) in cases | Age (yrs) in controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fathy, SA (T2DM w/t DKD) | 2019 | Kuwait | Caucasian | T2DM without DKD | NA | Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Retrospective | 58.5 | 53.8 |
| Fathy, SA (T2DM w/o DKD) | 2019 | Kuwait | Caucasian | T2DM with DKD | NA | Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Retrospective | 61.0 | 53.8 |
| Lara‐Gómez, RE | 2019 | Mexico | Mixed | T2DM | NA | Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Cross‐sectional | 59.1 | 36.2 |
| Saxena, M. | 2018 | India | Indian | T2DM | NA | Healthy | NA | Prospective | ||
| Plataki, MN | 2018 | Greece | Caucasian | T2DM | NA | Controls (Normal Glucose) | ADA | Retrospective | 68.3 | 74.9 |
| Hameed, I. (T2DM w/t DKD) | 2018 | India | Indian | T2DM without DKD | NA | Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Prospective | 54.1 | |
| Hameed, I. (T2DM w/o DKD) | 2018 | India | Indian | T2DM with DKD | NA | Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Prospective | 57.9 | |
| Rodrigues, KF | 2017 | Brasil | Mixed | T2DM | YES | Healthy | ADA | Cross‐sectional | 56.0 | 53.0 |
| Ponnana, M. | 2017 | India | Indian | T2DM | YES | Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Prospective | 33.3 | 30.2 |
| Neelofar, K. (T2DM w/t DKD) | 2017 | India | Indian | T2DM without DKD | YES | Hospital, Healthy | ADA | Prospective | 52.8 | 50.1 |
| Neelofar, K. (T2DM w/o DKD) | 2017 | India | Indian | T2DM with DKD | YES | Hospital, Healthy | ADA | Prospective | 51.3 | 50.1 |
| Kavitha, L. | 2017 | India | Mixed | T2DM | YES | Hospital, Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Retrospective | ||
| Ghavimi, R. | 2016 | Iran | Middle Eastern | T2DM | YES | Healthy, Transfusion Organization | Doctor's diagnosis | Retrospective | 51.3 | 50.2 |
| Eze, I. C. | 2016 | Switzerland | Caucasian | DM | YES | Healthy | ADA | Cross‐sectional | ||
| Buraczynska, M. (T2DM w/t CVD) | 2016 | Poland | Caucasian | T2DM without CVD | NA | Volunteers, Healthy | ADA | Retrospective | 54.3 | |
| Buraczynska, M. (T2DM w/o CVD) | 2016 | Poland | Caucasian | T2DM with CVD | NA | Volunteers, Healthy | ADA | Retrospective | 65.8 | |
| Saxena, M. | 2014 | India | Mixed | T2DM | YES | Healthy, Stuff Members | Doctor's diagnosis | Retrospective | 49.2 | 47.8 |
| Karadeniz, M. (T2DM w/t DKD) | 2014 | Turkey | Middle Eastern | T2DM without DKD | NA | Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Retrospective | 52.2 | 54.2 |
| Karadeniz, M. (T2DM w/o DKD) | 2014 | Turkey | Middle Eastern | T2DM with DKD | NA | Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Retrospective | 58.3 | 54.2 |
| Zhang, X. | 2011 | China | Chinese | T2DM | YES | Healthy | WHO 1999 criteria | Retrospective | 57.4 | 56.8 |
| Bouhaha, R. | 2010 | Tunisia | Middle Eastern | T2DM | NO | Healthy | ADA | Retrospective | 60.6 | 43.8 |
| Xiao, L. M. | 2009 | China | Chinese | T2DM | YES | Healthy, Community | WHO 1999 criteria | Retrospective | 59.7 | 51.6 |
| Danielsson, P. | 2005 | Sweden | Caucasian | T2DM | YES | Healthy | NA | Retrospective | 74.0 | 75.0 |
| Tsiavou, A. | 2004 | Greece | Caucasian | T2DM | NO | Healthy | Doctor's diagnosis | Retrospective | 51.0 | 44.0 |
| Vozarova, B. | 2003 | Spain | Caucasian | T2DM | NA | NA | NA | Retrospective | 58.6 | 56.7 |
| Vozarova, B. | 2003 | USA | Caucasian | T2DM | NA | NA | NA | Retrospective | 29.2 | 63.9 |
| Males (%) | BMI (kg/m2) | HbA1c (%) | FPG (mg/dL) | PGG (mg/dL) | TG (mmol/L) | TC (mmol/L) | HDL (mmol/L) | LDL (mmol/L) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls |
| 0.640 | 0.571 | 34.1 | 29.4 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 3.0 | ||||||
| 0.343 | 0.571 | 34.5 | 29.4 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.0 | ||||||
| 0.300 | 0.530 | ||||||||||||||||
| 0.368 | 0.456 | 7.8 | |||||||||||||||
| 26.88 | 7.59 | 143.06 | 199.71 | 2.39 | 4.88 | 1.12 | 2.69 | ||||||||||
| 26.55 | 8.52 | 154.31 | 215.16 | 2.22 | 4.46 | 0.97 | 2.40 | ||||||||||
| 0.186 | 0.194 | 8.9 | 126.5 | 85.3 | 203 | ||||||||||||
| 0.600 | 0.670 | 20.8 | 24.9 | ||||||||||||||
| 0.600 | 0.600 | 25.88 | 23.16 | 7.04 | 5.89 | 183.64 | 122.94 | ||||||||||
| 0.600 | 0.600 | 24.3 | 23.16 | 9.8 | 5.89 | 212.76 | 122.94 | ||||||||||
| 0.425 | 0.442 | 28.5 | 27.3 | ||||||||||||||
| 0.460 | 28.1 | 7.7 | 2.10 | 4.70 | 1.5 | ||||||||||||
| 0.509 | 26.8 | 7.9 | 1.70 | 4.90 | 1.2 | ||||||||||||
| 0.600 | 0.662 | 24.05 | 23.33 | 173.81 | 83.87 | 272.75 | 139.65 | 1.27 | 1.42 | 5.74 | 4.77 | 1.17 | 1.25 | 3.96 | 1.66 | ||
| 6.68 | 5.13 | 140.53 | 85.77 | 193.9 | 121.3 | 1.89 | 1.53 | 5.36 | 4.45 | 1.24 | 1.37 | 3.51 | 2.81 | ||||
| 8.02 | 5.13 | 154.77 | 85.77 | 218.5 | 121.3 | 2.27 | 1.53 | 5.35 | 4.45 | 1.22 | 1.37 | 3.39 | 2.81 | ||||
| 0.576 | 0.571 | 24.5 | 22.4 | 8.74.7 | 153 | 82.8 | 244.8 | 102.6 | 2.69 | 1.59 | 4.69 | 4.86 | 1.04 | 1.16 | 2.51 | 2.48 | |
| 0.367 | 0.715 | 29.29 | 27.43 | 174.42 | 96.66 | 167.76 | 1.73 | 4.81 | 1.25 | ||||||||
| 0.273 | 0.311 | 24.22 | 22.76 | ||||||||||||||
| 1.000 | 0.600 | 6.75 | 4.65 | 1.22 | 0.95 | 1.2 | 1.46 | 2.9 | 3.35 | ||||||||
| 0.250 | 0.615 | ||||||||||||||||
| 0.412 | 0.449 | ||||||||||||||||
| 0.315 | 0.476 | ||||||||||||||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Vacant panes denote the unavailability of data; PPG, postprandial glucose; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; w/o, without; w/t, with.