FIGURE 3.

Wogonin activates Nrf2 pathway and alleviates oxidative stress in hepatocytes. A and B, MDA and SOD activity in liver tissue from LPS‐ or CLP‐induced sepsis mice with or without wogonin treatment (n = 6). C and D, MDA and SOD activity in LPS/TNF‐α‐stimulated AML12 cells with or without wogonin treatment. E, Intracellular ROS analysed by flow cytometry in AML12 cells. MFI, the mean fluorescence intensity. F and G, Protein and mRNA levels of Nrf2 and downstream antioxidant enzymes NQO‐1, GST‐M1, HO‐1, SOD1 and SOD2 in LPS/TNF‐α stimulated AML12 cells with or without wogonin treatment. H, Representative images of Nrf2 nuclear translocation detected by immunofluorescence staining and the percentage of nuclear Nrf2‐positive cells in the cells with indicated treatment. The arrows show the Nrf2 nuclear positive cells. Magnification, 200×. Scale bar = 10 μm. NC, the negative control group. The results are presented as mean ± SD through at least 3 independent experiments and were analysed by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). ns, no statistical significance, *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001