Table 1.
Descriptive statistics
| Variables | Obs. | Mean | Median (IQR) | Std. Deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal resection | ||||
| Patient-level (2017, 2018) | ||||
| Travel time [min] | 66,645 | 19.4 | 15.4 (8.6–24.9) | 16.3 |
| Travel time past closest hospital [min] | 66,645 | 7.0 | 0.1 (0–8.3) | 13.4 |
| Number of hospitals in 10 min radius | 66,645 | 1 | 0 (0–1) | 1 |
| Number of hospitals in 30 min radius | 66,645 | 8 | 4 (2–10) | 9 |
| Number of hospitals in 60 min radius | 66,645 | 34 | 24 (15–39) | 32 |
| Age | 66,645 | 67 | 69 (58–79) | 16 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 66,645 | 3.55 | 2 (0–6) | 5.05 |
| Median income [€] | 66,645 | 3074 | 3127 (2873-3323) | 420 |
| Hospital-level (2015, 2016) | ||||
| Patient recommendation | 1617 | 1.97 | 1.96 (1.77–2.16) | 0.29 |
| 90-day mortality ratio | 1617 | 1.05 | 0.88 (0.35–1.49) | 1.00 |
| Medical interdisciplinarity | 1617 | 0.95 | 1 (1–1) | 0.19 |
| Medical therapy offerings | 1617 | 0.57 | 0.5 (0.5–1) | 0.37 |
| Procedure volume | 1617 | 131 | 108 (68–175) | 92 |
| Hospital-level (2017, 2018) | ||||
| Cancer treatment center | 1617 | 0.31 | 0 (0–1) | – |
| Professional recommendation (award) | 1617 | 0.10 | 0 (0–0) | – |
| Knee replacement | ||||
| Patient-level (2017, 2018) | ||||
| Travel time [min] | 82,014 | 24.5 | 20.4 (11.9–32.5) | 18.1 |
| Travel time past closest hospital [min] | 82,014 | 11.1 | 4.9 (0–17) | 15.7 |
| Number of hospitals in 10 min radius | 82,014 | 1 | 0 (0–1) | 1 |
| Number of hospitals in 30 min radius | 82,014 | 7 | 4 (2–8) | 7 |
| Number of hospitals in 60 min radius | 82,014 | 29 | 22 (14–36) | 24 |
| Age | 82,014 | 69 | 70 (62–77) | 10 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 82,014 | 0.70 | 0 (0–1) | 1.16 |
| Median income [€] | 82,014 | 3064 | 3125 (2872-3317) | 419 |
| Hospital-level (2015, 2016) | ||||
| Patient recommendation | 1591 | 1.89 | 1.90 (1.69–2.1) | 0.31 |
| 1-year revision rate | 1591 | 1.04 | 0.82 (0–1.55) | 1.13 |
| Medical interdisciplinarity | 1591 | 0.74 | 0.8 (0.5–1) | 0.24 |
| Medical therapy offerings | 1591 | 0.49 | 0.7 (0.3–0.7) | 0.26 |
| Procedure volume | 1591 | 160 | 114 (72–197) | 141 |
| Hospital-level (2017, 2018) | ||||
| Endoprosthetic care center | 1591 | 0.50 | 0 (0–1) | – |
| Professional recommendation (award) | 1591 | 0.11 | 0 (0–0) | – |
Obs = Observations; IQR = Interquartile range. Notes: Hospital features are unweighted. Scores for patient recommendation are from 1 (best score) to 6 (worst score). Professional recommendation is expressed as either being decorated with a top hospital award = 1 or not = 0. Hospital observations are counted per hospital and year