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. 2021 Jun 7;12:3406. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23494-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Plasma and serum samples were obtained from multiple patient cohorts across two UK-based university hospitals, including 123 COVID-19 patients: 78 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients in ICU were sampled at multiple time points over a 2-week period and compared to hospitalized non-ICU SARS-CoV-2 positive patients (n = 45). We used non-COVID-19 ICU patients (n = 25) and patients before undergoing elective cardiac surgery (n = 30) as controls. Patient samples were assessed for SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia, antibody responses, and protein changes in the circulation by data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Plasma protein interactions with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein were determined using a pulldown assay followed by data-dependent acquisition (DDA) MS analysis. Functional effects of LGALS3BP were assessed in two assays: SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated cell-cell fusion (syncytia formation) and cell entry through SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudoparticle assays.