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. 2021 Jun 7;12:3402. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23644-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic of vascular lumen formation consisting of two consecutive steps: multicellular migration of HUVECs is followed by lumen formation. b Lumen formation in dextran vinyl sulfone (DexVS) hydrogels. Visualization of lumens by perfusion with 4 μm diameter fluorescent beads (yellow) added from the parent channel to enter the sprouts (scale bar, 100 μm), bi Vertical section of the 3D sprout (scale bar, 20 μm), bii Horizontal section of the 3D sprout (scale bar, 20 μm). c Expression of the luminal marker podocalyxin (PODXL, yellow) showed the formation of intercellular lumens (scale bar, 50 μm), ci Horizontal section of the lumen (scale bar, 20 μm). d Visualization of intracellular vacuole formation by pinocytosis of FITC-dextran. FITC-dextran MW 3000–5000 Da was added in both channels for 10 days (scale bar, 20 μm). All samples contained 12 mM immobilized CGRGDS and 25.2 mM NCD crosslinker. Composite fluorescence images of 3D projections showing F-actin (cyan) and nuclei (magenta).