Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population (P/Fadm: arterial partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2] to fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] ratio [P/F] at admission; P/Fnadir: the lowest P/F value during the hospital stay, CCL2: C—C motive chemokine ligand 2; IL: interleukin; TNF- α: tumour necrosis factor-α; ETI: endotracheal intubation; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range).
| Patients' characteristics: | |
|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 196/85 |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 66 ± 15 |
| P/Fadm mmHg (median [IQR]; missing values) | 276 [123–336]; 7 |
| P/Fnadir mmHg (median [IQR]; missing values) | 144 [90–276]; 4 |
| CCL2 ng/mL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 0.61 [0.42–0.93]; 0 |
| IL6 pg/mL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 21 [11–43]; 2 |
| TNF-α pg/mL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 9 [4–15]; 10 |
| IL1-β pg/mL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 1.4 [0.9–2.0]; 10 |
| D-dimer mg/L (median [IQR]; missing values)a | 0.53 [0.24–1.2]; 25 |
| C-reactive protein mg/dL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 6.3 [2.8–13.6]; 10 |
| Procalcitonin ng/mL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 0.12 [0.06–0.25]; 39 |
| White blood cells/μL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 6495 [4960–9133]; 3 |
| Neutrophils/μL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 4685 [3313–6955]; 5 |
| Lymphocytes/μL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 950 [628–1273]; 3 |
| Monocytes/μL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 500 [340–798]; 5 |
| Creatinine mg/dL (median [IQR]; missing values) | 0.96 [0.79–1.17]; 4 |
| Outcomes: | |
| Vital status (survived/deceased; missing values) | 230/51; 0 |
| ETI (no/yes; missing values) | 217/59; 5 |
| Comorbidities: | |
| Heart diseases, n (%) | 85 (30) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 128 (46) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 50 (18) |
| COPD, n (%) | 27 (10) |
| Treatments: | |
| Low-molecular weight heparin, n (%); missing values | 242 (86); 0 |
| Prophylactic dose, n (%) | 147 (61) |
| Intermediate dose, n (%) | 57 (24) |
| Anticoagulation dose, n (%) | 15 (6) |
| Unknown dose, n (%) | 23 (9) |
| Systemic glucocorticosteroids, n (%); missing values | 121 (43); 0 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir, n (%); missing values | 206 (73); 0 |
| Remdesevir, n (%); missing values | 16 (6); 0 |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%); missing values | 242 (86); 0 |
| Tocilizumab, n (%); missing values | 26 (9); 0 |
| Baricitinib, n (%); missing values | 34 (12); 0 |
a
D-dimer closest to the date of CCL2 determination.