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. 2021 Apr 6;124(12):1988–1996. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01363-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a AFP mRNA was detected by RNAscope in HCC (T) and non-tumourous tissues adjacent to HCC (N). Representative images for scores 0 (T0), 1 (T1), 2 (T2), 3 (T3), and 4 (T4) are shown. b Proportion of RNAscope score in HCC tissues in the training and validation cohorts. c The ROC curve for AFP detected by RNAscope (AUC = 0.802, p < 0.001 and AUC = 0.829, p < 0.001), ELISA (AUC = 0.861, p < 0.001 and AUC = 0.827, p < 0.001), and IHC (AUC = 0.678, p < 0.001 and AUC = 0.666, p < 0.001) for HCC vs. all other diseases including benign liver diseases and non-hepatocyte tumours in the training and validation cohorts. d The positive rates of AFP mRNA and AFP protein in HCC cases with different serum AFP levels are shown in the training and validation cohorts.