Table 4.
Theme 5 - Findings of the studies: 3D joint angle of the tackler during a tackle task.
| Kinematic variable | Significant findings | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kerr et al. [25] | Contact | Sample of collegiate players | Descriptive data only | ||||
| Knee flexion (°) | Right: 108.0 ± 28.8 | Left: 122.5 ± 25.8 | |||||
| Hip flexion (°) | Right: 97.7 ± 21.5 | Left: 98.5 ± 21.7 | |||||
| Cervical spine (°) | 147.0 ± 25.8 | ||||||
| ROM | Knee flexion (°) | 82.0–141.0 | |||||
| Hip flexion (°) | 81.0–120.7 | ||||||
| Cervical spine (°) | 129.7–163.5 | ||||||
| Contact | Knee flexion (°) | Skilled (male + female) | Novice (male + female) | Skilled (male + female) | Novice (male + female) |
↑ knee flexion after video intervention versus before in skilled male and female players (P = 0.02), and female skilled players (P < 0.01) ↑ right knee flexion in skilled male and female players post-intervention (P = 0.04), male players pre-intervention (P = 0.01), and female players post-intervention (P = 0.01). |
|
| Pre-intervention | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Post-intervention | ||||
| 77.2 ± 28.9 | 64.3 ± 7.9 | 117.6 ± 35.8 | 79.3 ± 28.3 | ||||
| Hip flexion (°) | 73.1 ± 22.0 | 65.5 ± 14.3 | 68.5 ± 21.7 | 73.6 ± 15.2 | NS | ||
| Seminati et al. [26] | Contact | Dominant shoulder stationary | Non-dominant shoulder stationary | Dominant shoulder In-motion | |||
| Neck flexion (°) | 22 ± 15 | 27 ± 19 | 27 ± 15 | ↓ neck flexion in dominant shoulder side in a stationary position than non-dominant shoulder side in a stationary position (d±90% CI = −0.26± 0.36) or dominant shoulder side when in-motion (d±90% CI = −0.34 ± 0.21) | |||
| Neck lateral flexion (°) | 12 ± 9 | 18 ± 10 | 12 ± 8 | ↓ neck lateral flexion in dominant shoulder side than non-dominant shoulder side when in a stationary position (d±90% CI = −0.64 ± 0.46) | |||
| Neck rotation (°) | 14 ± 10 | 16 ± 15 | 13 ± 11 | — | |||
| Trunk flexion (°) | 52 ± 10 | 52 ± 11 | 52 ± 10 | — | |||
| Trunk lateral flexion (°) | 23 ± 6 | 18 ± 5 | 20 ± 10 | ↑ trunk lateral flexion in dominant shoulder side in a stationary position than non-dominant shoulder side in a stationary position (d±90% CI = 0.92 ± 0.42) or dominant shoulder side when in-motion (d±90% CI = 0.33 ± 0.44) | |||
| Trunk rotation (°) | 23 ± 13 | 21 ± 15 | 21 ± 18 | ||||
| Kinematic variable | Shoulder (normal) (n=21) | Low (n=22) | Shoulder and opposite-leg (n=13) | Low and opposite-Leg (n=10) | |||
| Kawasaki et al. [28] | Contact | Knee flexion (°) | 72.1 (−78.1, −66.2) | 79.2 (−86.7, −71.8) | 52.4 (−56.4, −48.4) | 59.4 (−65.7, −53.1) | |
| Ankle extension (°) | 31.4 (26.8, 36.0) | 33.3 (28.4, 38.2) | 15.9 (10.3, 21.5) | 24.2 (15.4, 33.1) | |||
| Hip extension (°) | −76.3 (−83.4, −69.1) | −82.1 (−89.7, −74.5) | −79.2 (−92.3, −66.2) | −89.0 (−98.0, −79.9) | |||
| Hip abduction (°) | 2.6 (−4.1, 9.2) | −0.4 (−6.0, 5.2) | −2.6 (−7.4, 2.3) | −6.6 (−9.9, −3.4) | |||
| Hip external rotation (°) | 4.1 (−2.7, 10.8) | 6.5 (−1.8, 14.8) | 16.7 (6.2, 27.1) | 12.2 (2.5, 21.9) | |||
| Trunk flexion (°) | 53.4 (−57.8, −49.0) | 58.3 (−63.1, −53.4) | 55.9 (−64.2, −47.6) | 46.8 (−53.4, −40.3) | |||
| Trunk lateral flexion (°) | −9.4 (−13.2, −5.5) | −3.0 (−7.6, 1.6) | −21.7 (−30.3, −13.1) | −21.8 (−30.7, −12.9) | ↓ trunk lateral flexion to the side of the impact shoulder (normal) versus shoulder and opposite-leg tackle (P<0.01); and more prominent in low height tackle (P=0.01) | ||
| Trunk rotation (°) | 9.2 (5.0, 13.4) | 6.0 (1.6, 10.5) | 1.3 (-7.8, 10.5) | −7.3 (−10.2, −4.4) | ↑ trunk rotation to the side of the impact shoulder during shoulder (normal) versus shoulder and opposite-leg tackle (P<0.01); and more prominent in low height (P=0.03) | ||
| Trunk inclination (°) | 3.9 (1.0, 6.8) | −8.4 (−11.9, -4.9) | 3.3 (−0.1, 6.6) | −10 (−16.1, −3.9) | ↓ trunk inclination in low than shoulder (normal) tackle (P<0.01) | ||
| Neck extension (°) | 34.6 (29.5, 39.8) | 40.7 (35.2, 46.2) | 29.0 (21.8, 36.2) | 34.6 (25.2, 43.9) | |||
| Neck bending (°) | −8.0 (−11.1, −5.0) | −5.6 (−10.8, −0.4) | −8.2 (−14.6, −1.9) | −9.9 (−16.1, −3.7) | |||
| Neck rotation (°) | −5.9 (−9.9, −2.0) | -7.0 (-14.5, 0.5) | 0.4 (−7.6, 8.5) | 4.1 (−5.6, 13.7) | |||
| Shoulder external rotation (°) | 59.3 (51.6, 66.9) | 63.9 (57.1, 70.8) | 56.7 (43.7, 69.6) | 37.8 (21.9, 53.8) | |||
| Shoulder abduction (°) | 59.3 (54.2 to 64.4) | 66.2 (61.4 to 71.1) | 58.2 (49.3 to 67.0) | 42.2 (33.4 to 51.0) | |||
| Shoulder horizontal abduction (°) | −41.6 (−46.7, −36.6) | −41.2 (−49.2, −33.2) | −30.5 (−42.6, −18.3) | −29.1 (−43.8, −14.3) | |||
| Two steps before contact | Ankle extension (°) | 0.6 (-3.1, 4.3) | 0.6 (−4.9, 6.1) | 3.7 (−4.7, 12.2) | 19.6 (12.2, 27.1) | ||
| Knee flexion (°) | 65.6 (−71.2, −59.9) | 67.6 (−74.9, −60.4) | 51.1 (−56.5, −45.7) | 48.9 (−54.8, −43.0) | |||
| Hip external rotation (°) | 1.2 (−3.6, 6.1) | 1.4 (−6.6, 9.5) | 0.9 (-5.2, 7.0) | 11.9 (3.0, 20.8) | |||
| Hip abduction (°) | −5.3 (−7.6, −3.0) | −8.6 (−11.3, −5.9) | -5.9 (-9.3, -2.5) | −7.5 (−10.6, −4.4) | Hip abduction angles at the two steps before contact significantly influenced trunk inclination at the impact | ||
| Hip extension (°) | −10.7 (−16.2, -5.3) | −13.5 (−19.8, −7.2) | −11.8 (−24.1, 0.5) | −90.6 (−98.2, −83.0) | |||
| Trunk inclination (°) | 32.5 (28.2, 36.7) | 24.8 (20.8, 28.8) | 32.2 (26.5, 38.0) | 8.2 (1.6, 14.8) | |||
| Trunk rotation (°) | 0.4 (−3.7, 4.5) | −2.5 (−6.6, 1.6) | 9.5 (5.9, 13.2) | −9.1 (−11.9, −6.4) | Trunk rotation contralateral to the side of the impacted shoulder at the two steps before contact significantly influenced trunk inclination at the impact | ||
| Trunk bending (°) | −3.9 (−6.6, −1.2) | 1.7 (−1.8, 5.1) | −5.9 (−14.2, 2.4 | −3.5 (−17.9, −9.1) | |||
| Trunk flexion (°) | 47.5 (-53.2, −41.9 | 58.1 (−64.0, −52.3) | 48.2 (−54.0, −42.4) | 52.6 (−58.7, −46.4) | |||
| Shoulder horizontal abduction (°) | −21.0 (−46.3, 4.2) | -19.8 (−44.4, 4.9) | −17.1 (−43.4, 9.3) | −33.2 (−46.2, −20.2) | |||
| Shoulder abduction (°) | 32.0 (26.7, 37.3) | 38.5 (33.9, 43.2) | 32.4 (24.6, 40.2) | 40.5 (30.6, 50.5) | |||
| Shoulder external rotation (°) | 37.7 (28.9, 46.6) | 43.5 (37.2, 49.8) | 22.5 (10.3, 34.7) | 32.5 (18.9, 46.1) | |||
| Neck rotation (°) | 10.3 (8.2, 12.4) | 10.2 (7.0, 13.4) | −2.5 (−6.8, 1.8) | 8.2 (2.0, 14.4) | |||
| Neck bending (°) | 4.6 (1.7, 7.5) | 6.8 (3.3, 10.3) | −8.4 (−11.2, −5.5) | −12.3 (−17.6, −7.0) | |||
| Neck extension (°) | 26.1 (17.7, 34.5 | 33.1 (27.7, 38.5) | 28.0 (18.3, 37.7) | 38.0 (29.2, 46.8) | |||
| Tanabe et al. [27] | Contact | Shoulder (n=32) | Arm (n=23) | Head-in-Front (n=4) | |||
| Neck extension (°) | 28 (22, 34) | 28 (20, 36) | 13.2 (6, 20) (sig) | ||||
| Neck bending (°) | −12 (−16, −7) | −13 (−21, −4) | −5 (−20, 11) | ||||
| Neck rotation (°) | −19 (−23, −15) | −18 (−26, −10) | −35 (−68, −3) | ||||
| Shoulder external rotation (°) | 54 (48, 60) | 61 (49, 73) | 33 (20, 47) (sig) | ||||
| Shoulder abduction (°) | 75 (68, 82) | 95 (84, 107) (sig) | 97 (59, 136) | ||||
| Shoulder horizontal abduction (°) | −30 (−35, −26) | −36 (−43, −28) | −46 (−67, −25) | ||||
| Trunk flexion (°) | 59 (−63, −55) | 59 (−66, −52) | 55 (−65, −44) | ||||
| Trunk bending (°) | −22 (−27, −17) | −13 (−23, −3) | −25 (−49, −1) | ||||
| Trunk rotation (°) | 4 (−2, 9) | 10 (3, 16) | 7 (2, 12) | ||||