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. 2021 Jan 18;28(6):1865–1879. doi: 10.1038/s41418-020-00713-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A ETO activated DNA-PK and ATM in RPE1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Extracts of cells treated with different concentrations of ETO for 24 h were analyzed with antibodies against phosphorylated DNA-PKcs (p-PKcs), DNA-PKcs (PKcs), phosphorylated ATR (p-ATR), ATR, phosphorylated ATM (p-ATM), ATM, and tubulin (Tub). Quantitative results of relative intensity of p-PKcs/PKcs (B) and p-ATM/ATM (C) of A. All ETO-treated data were normalized to the data without ETO treatment. DNA-PK induced ciliogenesis upon ETO treatment. D Inhibition of DNA-PK by vanillin decreased ETO-induced ciliogenesis. Quantitative results of the frequency of ciliated RPE1 cells treated with 100 µM ETO for 24 h in the presence or absence of vanillin (Van.). siRNA-mediated depletion of DNA-PK decreased ETO-induced ciliogenesis. (E-G) Depletion of DNA-PKcs (siPKcs) diminished ETO-induced ciliogenesis. E DNA-PKcs was efficiently depleted. Extracts of cells transfected with siPKcs were analyzed by immunoblotting with antibodies against DNA-PKcs and tubulin. siPKcs reduced the frequency (F) and length (G) of cilia in ETO-treated RPE1 cells. Depletion of Ku70 (siKu70) decreased ETO-induced ciliogenesis. H Ku70 was efficiently depleted. Extracts of cells transfected with siKu70 were analyzed by immunoblotting with antibodies against Ku70, Ku80, and actin. I siKu70 reduced the frequency of ciliated ETO-treated RPE1 cells. The results are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments; more than 100 cells were counted in each individual group. ETO-induced ciliogenesis was reduced in DNA-PK-deficient cells. J ETO activated DNA-PK in M059K but not in M059J cells. Extracts of M059J and M059K cells treated with ETO for 24 h were analyzed with antibodies against phosphorylated p-PKcs, PKcs, and tubulin (Tub.). K Quantitative results of the frequency of ciliated M059J and M059K cells treated with 100 µM ETO for 24 h. L Depletion of DNA-PKcs did not inhibit starvation-induced ciliogenesis. Quantitative results of the frequency of ciliated RPE1 cells under serum starvation for 24 h in control and DNA-PKcs-deficient (siPKcs) cells. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; n.s. no significance.