TABLE 2.
Completed CAR T cell-based clinical trials in patients with GBM.
| Molecular target | Clinical trial identifier and title | Study phase | CAR T cell dosage (+ combination) | Sponsor/site (+ collaborators) | Enrolment | Response |
| EGFRvIII |
NCT02209376 Autologous T Cells Redirected to EGFRVIII-With a Chimeric Antigen Receptor in Patients With EGFRVIII+ Glioblastoma |
1 | Intravenous single dose of 1.75 × 108–5 × 108 CAR T cells | University of Pennsylvania (University of California) | 11 |
Median overall survival ∼8 months, nil benefit Terminated (to pursue combination therapies) (O’Rourke et al., 2017) |
|
NCT01454596 CAR T Cell Receptor Immunotherapy Targeting EGFRvIII for Patients With Malignant Gliomas Expressing EGFRvIII |
1/2 | Two intravenous doses of 6.3 × 106 to 2.6 × 1010 CAR T cells per infusion, 2 h apart | National Cancer Institute | 18 |
Median overall survival 6.9 months Median Progression-free survival 1.3 months, nil benefit (Goff et al., 2019) |
|
| HER2 |
NCT01109095 CMV-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Expressing CAR Targeting HER2 in Patients With GBM (HERT-GBM) |
1 | One or more intravenous infusion of 1 x 106/m2 – 1 x 108/m2 CAR T cells | Baylor College of Medicine (The Methodist Hospital System, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy) | 16 |
Median overall survival 24.5 months Median progression-free survival 3.5 months, 1 (6%) patient had partial response, 7 (44%) had a stable disease (Ahmed et al., 2017) |
| IL13Rα2 |
NCT00730613 Cellular Adoptive Immunotherapy Using Genetically Modified T-Lymphocytes in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Refractory High-Grade Malignant Glioma |
1 | Intravenous infusions of up to 108 CAR T cells on days 1, 3, and 5 for 2 weeks. Treatment repeated after 3 weeks. | City of Hope Medical Center (National Cancer Institute) | 3 |
Mean survival after relapse 11 months, positive response (Brown et al., 2015) |
|
NCT01082926 Phase I Study of Cellular Immunotherapy for Recurrent/Refractory Malignant Glioma Using Intratumoral Infusions of GRm13Z40-2, An Allogeneic CD8+ Cytolitic T-Cell Line Genetically Modified to Express the IL 13-Zetakine and HyTK and to be Resistant to Glucocorticoids, in Combination With Interleukin-2 |
1 | Intratumoral injections of 1 × 108 CAR T cells and aldesleukin (IL-2) twice per week for 2 weeks. | City of Hope Medical Center | 6 |
Median overall survival 19.7 months (Keu et al., 2017) |