Table 1.

Sleep disorders in the COVID-19 patient cohorts

Author, year	Title	Sample size (N)	Sample (date)	Country	Study design	Data interpretation
Dai, Wang et al., 2020 [52]	Anxiety and depressive symptoms among COVID-19 patients in Jianghan Fangcang Shelter Hospital in Wuhan, China	307	Hospitalised COVID-19 patients (February 2020)	China	Cross-sectional study	Prevalence of anxiety, depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality: 18.6%, 13.4% and 84.7%, respectively, poor sleep quality and having $\ge$ two physical symptoms as risk factors for anxiety symptoms (p $<$ 0.05), female sex, cases of COVID-19 in family and $\ge$ two physical symptoms as risk factors for depressive symptoms (p $<$ 0.05)
Jiang, Zhu et al., 2020 [53]	Psychological distress and sleep quality of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, a lockdown city as the epicenter of COVID-19	202	Hospitalised COVID-19 patients (February to March 2020)	China	Cross-sectional study	Gender as an independent predictor for anxiety (p $<$ 0.05) and depression status (p $<$ 0.05), association of lower education levels and little subjective knowledge of COVID-19 with higher depression scores (p $<$ 0.05), association of frequency of contacting with family with lower depression scores (p $<$ 0.05), association of subjective evaluation of disease symptoms and evaluation of medical staff’s attitude with mental distress assessments (p $<$ 0.05), association of age and evaluation of disease symptoms with sleep quality scores (p $<$ 0.05)
Li, Zheng et al., 2020 [54]	Rehabilitation needs of the first cohort of post-acute COVID-19 patients in Hubei, China	280	Hospitalised COVID-19 patients (February to March 2020)	China	Cross-sectional study	Main physical dysfunctions displayed by patients: sleep disorders (63.6%), decreased activity endurance (61.4%) and respiratory dysfunction (57.9%), main psychological anxiety (62.1%), fear (50.0%), apathy (41.8%) and depression (40.7%), main rehabilitation demands of patients: exercise guidance (45.0%), dietary instruction (40.4%) and traditional Chinese medicine therapy (39.6%)
Liu, Baumeister et al., 2020 [55]	Risk factors associated with mental illness in hospital discharged patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China	675	Discharged COVID-19 patients (April 2020)	China	Cross-sectional study	Main adverse mental health issue after hospitalisation, sleep disorders; further mental health problems, anxiety (10.4%) and depression (19%); central predictor of mental illness, perceived discrimination associated with the social stigma of COVID-19
Liu, Chen et al., 2020 [56]	Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19	51	Hospitalised COVID-19 patients (January to February 2020)	China	Randomised controlled clinical trial	Progressive muscle relaxation as an effective auxiliary method to reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality in patients with COVID-19
Nalleballe, Reddy Onteddu et al., 2020 [57]	Spectrum of neuropsychiatric manifestations in COVID-19	40,469	COVID-19 patients (January to June 2020)	USA	Cross-sectional study	22.5% patients had neuropsychiatric manifestations. Most common neurologic manifestations, headache (3.7%) and sleep disorders (3.4%), encephalopathy (2.3%), stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) (1.0%); most common psychiatric manifestations, anxiety and other related disorders (4.6%) and mood disorders (3.8%)
Vitale, Perazzo et al., 2020 [51]	Is disruption of sleep quality a consequence of severe Covid-19 infection? A case-series examination	4	Hospitalised COVID-19 patients in ICU (April to May 2020)	Italy	Case study	Subjective sleep complaints among COVID-19 ICU patients (mean PSQI score of 6.0 ± 1.22) and insufficient duration of sleep (potentially attributed to forced early awakening by medical staff); attenuated sleep quality and disrupted sleep habits might be due to administration of sedative medications needed during mechanical ventilation
Zhang, Xu et al., 2020 [58]	Poor-sleep is associated with slow recovery from lymphopenia and an increased need for ICU care in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study	135	Hospitalised COVID-19 patients (January to March 2020)	China	Retrospective, single-centre cohort study	Association between poor sleep quality during hospitalisation in COVID-19 patients with lymphopenia with a slow recovery from lymphopenia (p $<$ 0.05), an increased need for ICU care (p $<$ 0.05) and increased duration of hospital stay (p $<$ 0.05)