Table 2. Multivariable Models of ED Pediatric Readiness and Patient Outcomes for 372 004 Injured Children Presenting to 832 US Trauma Centers.
| Variable | In-hospital mortality, OR (95% CI) | In-hospital mortality or complication, OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| ED Pediatric Readiness Score, quartilea | ||
| 1st (Least ready) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2nd | 1.16 (0.87-1.54) | 1.05 (0.87-1.26) |
| 3rd | 0.90 (0.70-1.17) | 1.05 (0.88-1.24) |
| 4th (Most ready) | 0.58 (0.45-0.75) | 0.88 (0.74-1.04) |
| Female sex | 0.99 (0.91-1.08) | 0.98 (0.92-1.04) |
| Age group, y | ||
| 0-4 | 1.37 (1.22-1.55) | 0.93 (0.85-1.01) |
| 5-12 | 1.35 (1.20-1.51) | 0.84 (0.78-0.91) |
| 13-15 | 1.02 (0.91-1.15) | 0.89 (0.82-0.97) |
| 16-17 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Race | ||
| White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Black | 0.94 (0.85-1.04) | 0.99 (0.92-1.06) |
| Asian | 0.92 (0.69-1.23) | 0.93 (0.75-1.16) |
| Other | 1.22 (1.10-1.36) | 1.16 (1.06-1.26) |
| Any comorbid condition | 0.62 (0.55-0.70) | 1.12 (1.04-1.21) |
| Injury mechanism | ||
| GSW | 4.68 (3.99-5.48) | 3.01 (2.67-3.40) |
| Stabbing or other penetrating injury | 1.15 (0.85-1.56) | 1.30 (1.07-1.58) |
| Burn, fire, flame | 1.83 (1.36-2.46) | 2.32 (1.91-2.81) |
| Assault | 1.10 (0.94-1.29) | 1.13 (0.98-1.29) |
| Fall | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Motor vehicle | 0.62 (0.54-0.71) | 0.94 (0.85-1.04) |
| Bicycle | 0.81 (0.65-1.02) | 1.02 (0.87-1.21) |
| Pedestrian vs motor vehicle | 0.99 (0.85-1.15) | 1.14 (1.01-1.30) |
| Other | 1.40 (1.23-1.61) | 1.73 (1.57-1.91) |
| Arrival by ambulance | 0.97 (0.85-1.09) | 1.40 (1.28-1.52) |
| Transfer to another hospital | 0.35 (0.30-0.40) | 0.97 (0.87-1.08) |
| Age-adjusted hypotension | 5.33 (4.72-6.02) | 3.23 (2.93-3.56) |
| GCS | ||
| ≤8 | 40.3 (33.65-48.26) | 6.04 (5.54-6.59) |
| 9-12 | 2.39 (1.74-3.29) | 1.38 (1.22-1.57) |
| ≥13 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Injury Severity Score | 1.05 (1.04-1.05) | 1.05 (1.04-1.05) |
| Orthopedic surgery | 0.62 (0.56-0.68) | 1.20 (1.13-1.28) |
| Airway or ventilation support | 2.66 (2.26-3.12) | 4.75 (4.34-5.19) |
| Major nonorthopedic surgery b | 1.07 (0.97-1.18) | 1.98 (1.85-2.11) |
| Blood transfusion (any) | 2.42 (2.18-2.67) | 2.34 (2.17-2.52) |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GSW, gunshot wound; OR, odds ratio.
a
Pediatric readiness was measured using the weighted Pediatric Readiness Score. For in-hospital mortality, linear trend was significant at P = .001; for in-hospital mortality or complication, linear trend was nonsignificant at P = .16.
b
Major nonorthopedic surgery included brain, spine, neck, thoracic, or abdominal operations.