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. 2021 Jun 15;18(2):437–457. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0348

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Copyright: © 2021, Cancer Biology & Medicine

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Biogenesis of circRNAs and the mechanisms of action of circRNAs. (A) Lariat-driven circularization (ecircRNA). (B) Intron-pairing-driven circularization (ecircRNA). (C) Circular intronic RNA. (D) Exon-intron-derived circRNA (EIciRNA). (E) RNA-binding protein (RBP)-driven circularization-derived circRNA. (F) The tRNA precursor-derived. (G) Other sources: fusion gene, circular DNA tumor virus, mitochondrial DNA-originated and mitochondria-encoded circular RNA (mecciRNA). (H) Functioning as miRNA sponges. (I) Interactions with RNA-binding proteins. (J) Involvement in alternative splicing regulation. (K) Regulation of parental gene transcription. (L) Protein-coding potential. QKI, Quaking; FUS, fused in sarcoma; ADAR1, adenosine to inosine acting on RNA enzyme 1; DHX9, DEAH-box helicase 9. IRES, internal ribosome entry site; ORF, open reading frame.