TABLE 2.
Demographic characteristics and clinical features for different groups according to respiratory symptoms among the asthmatic GACRS children
| Cough | Phlegm | Wheezing | Exertional Dyspnea | Exertional Chest tightness | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | p-value | No | Yes | p-value | No | Yes | p-value | No | Yes | p-value | No | Yes | p-value | |
| Subjects | 190 (21.25) | 704 (78.75) | 414 (46.31) | 479 (53.58) | 105 (11.74) | 789 (88.26) | 193 (21.59) | 701 (78.41) | 266 (29.75) | 624 (69.80) | |||||
| Age years | 9.49 ± 1.84 | 9.22 ± 1.86 | 0.0773 | 9.52 ± 1.87 | 9.07 ± (1.83) | 3.07×10−4 | 9.28 ± 1.84 | 9.28 ± 1.86 | 0.972 | 9.19 ± 1.94 | 9.30 ± 1.84 | 0.466 | 9.08 ± 1.77 | 9.35 ± 1.89 | 0.0428 |
| Male sex | 112 (58.95) | 416 (59.09) | 1 | 247 (59.66) | 281 (58.66) | 0.815 | 61 (58.10) | 467 (59.19) | 0.914 | 124 (64.25) | 404 (57.63) | 0.116 | 157 (59.02) | 369 (59.13) | 1 |
| Height m | 1.35 ± 0.12 | 1.32 ± (0.12) | 1.84×10−3 | 1.35 ± 0.12 | 1.32 ± 0.12 | 5.13×10−4 | 1.32 ± 0.12 | 1.33 ± 0.12 | 0.563 | 1.32 ± 0.13 | 1.33 ± 0.12 | 0.301 | 1.32 ± 0.12 | 1.33 ± 0.12 | 0.139 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 18.67 ± 4.28 | 18.39 ± 3.81 | 0.413 | 18.75 ± 4.08 | 18.20 ± 3.76 | 0.0347 | 18.34 ± 3.85 | 18.47 ± 3.93 | 0.756 | 17.86 ± 3.54 | 18.62 ± 4.00 | 0.0114 | 18.01 ± 3.98 | 18.63 ± 3.89 | 0.0335 |
| Number of older siblings | 1.33 ± 1.43 | 1.09 ± 1.27 | 0.0366 | 1.16 ± 1.28 | 1.12 ± 1.33 | 0.656 | 1.11 ± 1.35 | 1.14 ± 1.31 | 0.784 | 1.15 ± 1.27 | 1.14 ± 1.32 | 0.912 | 1.11 ± 1.30 | 1.15 ± 1.32 | 0.640 |
| Spirometric measures | |||||||||||||||
| FEV1/FVC % | 85.17 ± 7.53 | 84.14 ± 7.85 | 0.0967 | 84.56 ± 8.25 | 84.20 ± 7.37 | 0.495 | 84.80 ± 6.72 | 84.30 ± 7.92 | 0.492 | 84.91 ± 7.68 | 84.21 ± 7.82 | 0.266 | 84.89 ± 7.73 | 84.10 ± 7.81 | 0.161 |
| FEV1/FVC % pred | 95.84 ± 8.49 | 94.61 ± 8.74 | 0.0805 | 95.17 ± 9.29 | 94.64 ± 8.16 | 0.369 | 95.33 ± 7.72 | 94.81 ± 8.82 | 0.525 | 95.57 ± 8.51 | 94.68 ± 8.75 | 0.204 | 95.39 ± 8.60 | 94.60 ± 8.74 | 0.212 |
| Absolute response to bronchodilator mL | 95.33 ± 124.61 | 82.61 ± 139.98 | 0.230 | 83.28 ± 143.08 | 86.84 ± 131.34 | 0.703 | 63.52 ± 101.68 | 88.12 ± 140.53 | 0.0325 | 74.24 ± 125.28 | 88.41 ± 139.85 | 0.180 | 73.39 ± 133.75 | 90.39 ± 138.37 | 0.0897 |
| Dose-response slope to methacholine μmol | 28.94 ± 36.59 | 27.21 ± 40.58 | 0.603 | 28.10 ± 39.11 | 27.17 ± 40.37 | 0.747 | 22.23 ± 31.92 | 28.35 ± 40.74 | 0.0901 | 22.17 ± 33.16 | 29.03 ± 41.27 | 0.0267 | 21.44 ± 28.64 | 30.30 ± 43.54 | 9.08×10−4 |
| PD20 mg | 1.69 ± 2.21 | 1.84 ± 2.35 | 0.504 | 1.69 ± 2.36 | 1.91 ± 2.30 | 0.276 | 2.43 ± 2.86 | 1.71 ± 2.22 | 0.0379 | 2.20 ± 2.79 | 1.71 ± 2.18 | 0.0747 | 2.18 ± 2.63 | 1.67 ± 2.18 | 0.0298 |
| Blood tests | |||||||||||||||
| Total serum IgE IU·mL−1 | 731.46 ± 982.71 | 723.59 ± 875.80 | 0.921 | 728.68 ± (927.43) | 713.37 ± 853.38 | 0.799 | 583.52 ± 863.08 | 744.19 ± 902.50 | 0.0770 | 674.34 ± 793.46 | 739.24 ± 925.88 | 0.334 | 676.38 ± 797.89 | 749.62 ± 940.18 | 0.237 |
| Positive IgE to dust mite | 132 (69.47) | 531 (75.43) | 0.103 | 303 (73.19) | 359 (74.95) | 0.606 | 71 (67.62) | 592 (75.03) | 0.120 | 141 (73.06) | 522 (74.47) | 0.716 | 194 (72.93) | 467 (74.84) | 0.556 |
| Positive IgE to cockroach | 80 (42.11) | 307 (43.61) | 0.750 | 179 (43.24) | 207 (43.21) | 1 | 35 (33.33) | 355 (44.61) | 0.0350 | 81 (41.97) | 306 (43.65) | 0.714 | 104 (39.10) | 282 (45.19) | 0.100 |
| Positive IgE to Ascaris | 67 (35.26) | 267 (37.93) | 0.571 | 155 (37.44) | 178 (37.16) | 0.962 | 29 (27.62) | 305 (38.66) | 0.0343 | 62 (32.12) | 272 (38.80) | 0.111 | 88 (33.08) | 244 (39.10) | 0.105 |
| Eosinophil count·mm−2 | 503.54 ± 382.75 | 567.39 ± 408.66 | 0.0481 | 517.06 ± 374.41 | 582.96 ± 424.11 | 0.0151 | 495.11 ± 436.92 | 561.62 ± 399.01 | 0.147 | 529.81 ± 406.98 | 560.45 ± 403.14 | 0.361 | 537.91 ± 407.68 | 563.57 ± 402.16 | 0.394 |
| Positive skin tests to allergens | 3.01 ± 1.86 | 3.10 ± 1.81 | 0.554 | 3.12 ± 1.81 | 3.06 ± 1.83 | 0.623 | 2.57 ± 1.96 | 3.15 ± 1.79 | 5.40×10−3 | 3.15 ± 1.74 | 3.06 ± 1.84 | 0.531 | 3.18 ± 1.85 | 3.04 ± 1.80 | 0.335 |
| Systemic corticosteroid use last year | 135 (71.05) | 567 (80.54) | 6.41×10−3 | 308 (74.40) | 393 (82.05) | 7.08×10−3 | 67 (63.81) | 635 (80.48) | 1.56×10−4 | 137 (70.98) |
565 (80.60) |
5.42×10−3 | 193 (72.56) | 505 (80.93) | 7.13×10−3 |
Data are presented as mean±SD or n (%), unless otherwise indicated. GACRS: Genetic Epidemiology of Asthma in Costa Rica Study; BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; PD20: the cumulative dose of methacholine required to produce a 20% fall in FEV1 from the post saline FEV1.