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. 2021 Jun 8;35(9):5381–5391. doi: 10.1007/s00464-021-08569-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Top: Overall NASA-TLX score and analytical results (MD mental demand, PD physical demand, TD temporal demand, OP operator performance, EF effect, FR frustration level) for (bottom left) Surgeons (ST) and (bottom right) Human scrub nurses (HSN). NASA-TLX values range between 0 and 100, with higher values indicating higher task load (HSNt human scrub nurse only task, R&HSNt robot and human scrub nurse task)