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. 2021 Jun 7;16:38. doi: 10.1186/s13024-021-00456-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — The brain lesion pattern and anterior cingulate-subcortical circuit of apathy. a The lesion brain region with the highest frequency of apathy is the anterior cingulate cortex (especially on the left), followed by the left medial frontal, medial orbitofrontal, medial thalamus, left lateral orbitofrontal, left superior and ventrolateral frontal regions, as well as the parietal, the head of the left caudate nucleus, putamen, and other regions of the frontal lobe. b The anterior cingulate-subcortical circuit begins in the anterior cingulate cortex and projects to the ventral striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens, ventral putamen, ventromedial caudate, and olfactory tubercle. The ventral striatum has circuit linkages to the ventral pallidum and rostrodorsal substantia nigra. Then the ventral pallidum provides limited input to the mediodorsal thalamus. The anterior cingulate circuit is closed with projections from the dorsal portion of the magnocellular mediodorsal thalamus to the anterior cingulate. Abbreviations: GP: globus pallidus, SN: substantia nigra. b A visual adaptation of a figure from Nobis et al. [13], with permission