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. 2021 Jun 7;16:38. doi: 10.1186/s13024-021-00456-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The brain lesion patterns and frontal-limbic circuit of depression in AD. a The brain region with the highest frequency of depression lesions is the superior frontal lobe, followed by the left inferior temporal and other frontal regions, as well as other temporal regions, the anterior cingulate, entorhinal, right hippocampal, caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, fusiform, right posterior cingulate, precuneus, supramarginal and parietal lobe. b The frontal-limbic circuit is composed of a dorsal part dominated by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral part dominated by the subgenual cingulate and inferior temporal cortex. A direct projection from the subgeniual cingulate to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and a bidirectional indirect pathway through multiple marginal regions, including the posterior cingulate, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and insula are delineated. Abbreviations: rACC = rostral anterior cingulate; BG = basal ganglia; Th = thalamus. b A visual adaptation of a figure from Mayberg et al. [99], with permission