Table 3.
Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with low adverse birth outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa
| Characteristics | Adverse birth outcome | Odds Ratio (OR) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | |
| Maternal age | ||||
| 15–19 | 1478 | 2917 | 1 | 1 |
| 20–29 | 12,181 | 27,074 | 0.91 (0.85 0.98) | 0.95 (0.89 1.02) |
| 30–39 | 8217 | 19,108 | 0.91 (0.85 0.98) | 0.98 (0.91 1.07) |
| 40–49 | 1787 | 4091 | 0.86 (0.86 1.02) | 0.99 (0.89 1.09) |
| Sex of child | ||||
| Male | 12,215 | 26,749 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 11,448 | 26,441 | 0.94 (0.91 0.97) | 0.94 (0.91 0.97)* |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 8204 | 20,621 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 15,459 | 32,569 | 1.15 (1.11 1.19) | 1.02 (0.98 1.06) |
| Maternal level of education | ||||
| No formal education | 4669 | 10,489 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary education | 10,956 | 20,876 | 1.00 (0.96 1.05) | 1.04 (0.99 1.09) |
| Secondary and above | 8038 | 21,825 | 0.80 (0.76 0.84) | 0.87 (0.82 0.92)* |
| Media exposure | ||||
| Yes | 7949 | 16,957 | 0.89 (0.86 0.92) | 0.97 (0.94 1.01) |
| No | 15,714 | 36,233 | 1 | 1 |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poor | 9190 | 18,348 | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | 4790 | 10,680 | 0.90 (0.86 0.94) | 0.94 (0.90 0.98)* |
| Rich | 9683 | 24,162 | 0.82 (0.80 0.85) | 0.92 (0.90 0.99)* |
| Women didn’t participate in healthcare decision making | ||||
| Yes | 13,396 | 31,908 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 10,267 | 21,282 | 1.12 (1.09 1.16) | 1.10 (1.06 1.13)* |
| Distance to a health facility | ||||
| Big problems | 9215 | 17,979 | 1.13 (1.09 1.17) | 1.08 (1.04 1.11)* |
| No big problem | 14,448 | 35,211 | 1 | 1 |
| ANC follow up | ||||
| Yes | 7488 | 14,460 | 0.80 (0.77 0.82) | 0.86 (0.83 0.89)* |
| No | 16,175 | 38,730 | 1 | 1 |
| Parity | ||||
| 1–2 births | 11,030 | 24,588 | 1 | 1 |
| 3–5 births | 8737 | 20,781 | 093 (0.90 0.96 | 0.88 (0.84 0.91)* |
| > =6 births | 3896 | 7821 | 1.07 (1.02 1.12) | 0.97 (0.88 1.006) |
| Birth interval | ||||
| < 24 months | 3014 | 6397 | 1 | 1 |
| 24 and above months | 20,649 | 46,973 | 0.96 (0.91 1.00) | 0.95 (0.90 1.00) |
| Experienced intimate partner beating | ||||
| Yes | 8617 | 17,774 | 1.23 (1.19 1.27) | 1.18 (1.14 1.22)* |
| No | 15,046 | 35,416 | 1 | 1 |
| Type of birth | ||||
| Single | 22,198 | 51,981 | 1 | |
| Twin | 1465 | 1209 | 2.95 (2.95 3.19) | 2.89 (2.67 3.14)* |
* Shows a statistical significance of at 0.05 p-value