Table 2.
Impact of HCV infection on diabetes risk between 1990–2015 in British Columbia Hepatitis Testers Cohort, using multivariable Fine-Gray subdistribution proportional hazards models
| Covariate | aHR (95% CI), PS-matched dataset* |
aHR (95% CI), PS-weighted dataset† |
| HCV positive | 2.32 (2.20 to 2.45) | 2.29 (2.17 to 2.42) |
| Male sex | 1.16 (1.10 to 1.23) | 1.15 (1.09 to 1.21) |
| Age at HCV diagnosis (years) | ||
| <25 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 25–34 | 1.82 (1.51 to 2.19) | 1.71 (1.42 to 2.05) |
| 35–44 | 3.18 (2.67 to 3.79) | 2.95 (2.48 to 3.51) |
| 45–54 | 5.81 (4.88 to 6.92) | 5.49 (4.62 to 6.52) |
| ≥55 | 9.11 (7.62 to 10.89) | 8.57 (7.19 to 10.22) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Other | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| East Asian | 1.26 (1.12 to 1.41) | 1.30 (1.16 to 1.46) |
| South Asian | 2.46 (2.20 to 2.74) | 2.48 (2.22 to 2.77) |
| Material deprivation quintiles | ||
| Q1 (most privileged) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Q2 | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.23) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.24) |
| Q3 | 1.18 (1.08 to 1.30) | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.28) |
| Q4 | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.25) | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.24) |
| Q5 (most deprived) | 1.18 (1.08 to 1.29) | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.27) |
| Social deprivation quintiles | ||
| Q1 (most privileged) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Q2 | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.12) |
| Q3 | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.09) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) |
| Q4 | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.11) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.06) |
| Q5 (most deprived) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.00) |
| Obesity | 2.42 (2.11 to 2.77) | 2.49 (2.17 to 2.86) |
| HBV positive | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.41) | 1.14 (0.93 to 1.40) |
| HIV positive | 1.50 (1.09 to 1.89) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.19) |
| Mood and anxiety disorder | 1.15 (1.09 to 1.22) | 1.18 (1.11 to 1.25) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 1.23 (1.14 to 1.33) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) |
| Injection drug use | 1.38 (1.27 to 1.50) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) |
*The propensity score (PS)-matched dataset was created by matching individuals with HCV infection with individuals without infection with a caliper of 0.1 at a 1:1 ratio without replacement. PS was estimated based on age at HCV diagnosis, duration of follow-up, sex, material/social deprivation quintiles, HBV/HIV infection, mood and anxiety disorders, obesity, alcohol use disorder and injection drug use.
†The PS-weighted dataset used inverse probability weights (IPW) estimating the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT). PS were estimated based on age at HCV diagnosis, duration of follow-up, sex, material/social deprivation quintiles, HBV/HIV infection, mood and anxiety disorders, obesity, alcohol use disorder and injection drug use.
aHR, adjusted hazard ratios; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PS, propensity scores; Q, quintile.