Table 1. Participant baseline characteristics.
| Overall | Control | One-way | Two-way | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or median (IQR) | ||||||||
| Sociodemographic | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 824 | 27 (23–31) | 277 | 27 (23–31) | 271 | 28 (23–30) | 276 | 27 (23–31) |
| <8 years of education | 822 | 162 (19.7%) | 277 | 54 (19.5%) | 269 | 54 (20.1%) | 276 | 54 (19.6%) |
| Monthly household income (KES) | 527 | 8,000 (4,000–15,000) | 177 | 7,000 (4,000–15,000) | 171 | 7,000 (3,200–15,000) | 179 | 9,000 (3,000–15,000) |
| Married/cohabiting | 823 | 694 (84.2%) | 276 | 233 (84.4%) | 271 | 230 (84.9%) | 276 | 231 (83.7%) |
| Employed | 822 | 418 (50.7%) | 276 | 159 (57.4%) | 271 | 126 (46.5%) | 275 | 133 (48.2%) |
| Shares phone | 824 | 245 (29.7%) | 277 | 87 (31.4%) | 271 | 77 (28.4%) | 276 | 81 (29.3%) |
| Can read SMS unassisted | 824 | 808 (98.1%) | 277 | 273 (98.6%) | 271 | 264 (97.8%) | 276 | 271 (97.8%) |
| Can write SMS unassisted | 824 | 775 (94.1%) | 277 | 260 (93.9%) | 271 | 261 (96.3%) | 276 | 254 (92.0%) |
| Obstetric | ||||||||
| Primigravida | 824 | 115 (14.0%) | 277 | 26 (9.4%) | 271 | 40 (14.8%) | 276 | 49 (17.8%) |
| Pregnancy intended | 821 | 452 (55.1%) | 275 | 149 (54.2%) | 271 | 145 (53.5%) | 275 | 158 (57.5%) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 817 | 24.3 (18.3–29.6) | 274 | 24.7 (19.8–30.3) | 271 | 24.6 (18.1–28.9) | 272 | 23.3 (17.9–29.6) |
| HIV/ART | ||||||||
| Time since HIV diagnosis (years) | 820 | 2.00 (0.08–5.00) | 242 | 2.00 (0.08–5.00) | 271 | 2.00 (0.08–5.00) | 275 | 2.00 (0.08–5.00) |
| On ART | 824 | 764 (92.7%) | 277 | 258 (93.1%) | 271 | 249 (91.9%) | 276 | 257 (93.1%) |
| Time since ART start (years) | 819 | 1.00 (0.02–3.21) | 274 | 0.62 (0.01–2.64) | 270 | 1.24 (0.04–3.36) | 275 | 1.10 (0.01–3.42) |
| On ART ≥4 months | 824 | 470 (57.0%) | 277 | 149 (53.8%) | 271 | 161 (59.4%) | 276 | 160 (58.0%) |
| HIV status disclosed to partner | 806 | 662 (81.1%) | 271 | 218 (80.4%) | 264 | 224 (84.8%) | 271 | 220 (81.2%) |
| ART regimen | 771 | 251 | 259 | 261 | ||||
| AZT + 3TC + NVP | 45 (5.8%) | 12 (4.8%) | 15 (5.8%) | 18 (6.9%) | ||||
| AZT + 3TC + EFV | 4 (0.5%) | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||||
| TDF + 3TC + LPV/r | 12 (1.6%) | 4 (1.6%) | 1 (0.4%) | 7 (2.7%) | ||||
| TDF + 3TC + NVP | 107 (13.9%) | 35 (13.9%) | 35 (13.5%) | 37 (14.2%) | ||||
| TDF + 3TC + EFV | 566 (73.4%) | 190 (75.7%) | 190 (73.4%) | 186 (71.3%) | ||||
| TDF + FTC + EFV | 3 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||||
| Other | 34 (4.4%) | 8 (3.2%) | 13 (5.0%) | 13 (5.0%) | ||||
| VL ≥1,000 at enrollment | ||||||||
| Total | 824 | 244 (29.6%) | 277 | 81 (29.2%) | 271 | 75 (27.7%) | 276 | 88 (31.9%) |
| Established ART (≥4 months) | 470 | 61 (13.0%) | 149 | 15 (10.1%) | 161 | 21 (13.0%) | 160 | 25 (15.6%) |
| New ART (<4 months) | 349 | 180 (51.6%) | 125 | 64 (51.2%) | 109 | 53 (48.6%) | 115 | 63 (54.8%) |
| CD4 at enrollment | 697 | 473 (333–632) | 235 | 454 (334–601) | 229 | 495 (350–662) | 233 | 456 (306–612) |
| Adherence characteristics | ||||||||
| IMB score | 551 | 77.3 (73.3–82.7) | 188 | 77.3 (73.3–82.7) | 180 | 77.3 (72.0–82.7) | 183 | 77.3 (73.3–82.7) |
| Information (ART literacy) | 695 | 85.0 (75.0–95.0) | 234 | 85.0 (75.0–95.0) | 226 | 80.0 (75.0–95.0) | 235 | 85.0 (80.0–95.0) |
| Motivation (to take ART) | 695 | 60.0 (40.0–80.0) | 232 | 60.0 (45.0–80.0) | 227 | 60.0 (40.0–80.0) | 236 | 60.0 (45.0–80.0) |
| Behavior skills (for adherence) | 584 | 80.0 (77.1–91.4) | 202 | 80.0 (77.1–90.7) | 191 | 82.9 (77.1–94.3) | 191 | 80.0 (75.7–88.6) |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; AZT, Zidovudine; EFV, Efavirenz, IMB, information–motivation–behavior skills; IQR, interquartile range; LPV/r, Lopinavir/Ritonavir; NVP, Nevirapine; SMS, short message service; TDF, tenofovir; VL, viral load.