Table 1.
Sample Subject Characteristics in the United States, Korea, and China
| United States | Korea | China | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 3,729) | Men (n = 1,475) | Women (n = 2,254) | p | Overall (N = 743) | Men (n = 376) | Women (n = 367) | p | Overall (N = 4,104) | Men (n = 1,425) | Women (n = 2,679) | p | |
| Received informal care (%) | 59.03 | 54.56 | 62.45 | .000 | 70.86 | 75.63 | 64.80 | .004 | 66.31 | 63.29 | 67.90 | .047 |
| Received formal care (%) | 10.16 | 6.40 | 13.03 | .000 | 10.56 | 5.46 | 17.04 | .000 | 1.34 | 2.20 | 0.89 | .394 |
| Limitations in ADLs (0–3) | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.01 | .153 | 0.76 | 0.50 | 1.08 | .000 | 0.65 | 0.77 | 0.59 | .001 |
| (0.94–1.02) | (0.89–1.01) | (0.96–1.06) | (0.67–0.84) | (0.39–0.61) | (0.94–1.21) | (0.61–0.69) | (0.68–0.86) | (0.54–0.63) | ||||
| Limitations in IALDs (0–5) | 1.42 | 1.24 | 1.56 | .000 | 2.40 | 1.91 | 3.03 | .000 | 1.80 | 1.78 | 1.81 | .696 |
| (1.37–1.48) | (1.16–1.33) | (1.49–1.63) | (2.27–2.53) | (1.75–2.06) | (2.86–3.21) | (1.73–1.87) | (1.64–1.91) | (1.73–1.90) | ||||
| Chronic condition (0–8) | 3.27 | 3.16 | 3.35 | .004 | 1.56 | 1.24 | 1.96 | .000 | 1.72 | 1.69 | 1.72 | .613 |
| (3.21–3.33) | (3.06–3.26) | (3.27–3.44) | (1.45–1.66) | (1.10–1.38) | (1.82–2.11) | (1.65–1.78) | (1.58–1.81) | (1.65–1.80) | ||||
| Living arrangement (%) | ||||||||||||
| Unmarried, living alone | 30.95 | 24.98 | 35.52 | .000 | 16.93 | 2.74 | 34.96 | .000 | 9.50 | 8.17 | 10.20 | .000 |
| Unmarried, living with others | 21.73 | 12.11 | 29.08 | 22.44 | 8.14 | 40.60 | 22.33 | 13.73 | 26.86 | |||
| Married | 47.32 | 62.91 | 35.40 | 60.63 | 89.12 | 24.44 | 68.17 | 78.09 | 62.94 | |||
| Age | 70.94 | 69.78 | 71.83 | .000 | 73.24 | 67.66 | 80.32 | .000 | 67.92 | 68.09 | 67.83 | .668 |
| (70.48–71.40) | (69.09–70.46) | (71.20–72.47) | (72.21–74.26) | (66.48–68.83) | (79.31–81.33) | (67.34–68.50) | (67.14–69.03) | (67.10–68.56) | ||||
| Education (%) | ||||||||||||
| Less than secondary | 25.26 | 22.58 | 27.31 | .020 | 68.37 | 49.37 | 92.50 | .000 | 94.36 | 89.83 | 96.75 | .000 |
| Secondary education | 34.01 | 34.04 | 33.99 | 20.64 | 31.41 | 6.96 | 4.74 | 8.53 | 2.75 | |||
| Tertiary education | 40.73 | 43.38 | 38.70 | 10.99 | 19.22 | 0.54 | 0.89 | 1.64 | 0.50 | |||
| Number of children | 3.10 | 3.07 | 3.12 | .566 | 3.16 | 2.56 | 3.92 | .000 | 3.27 | 3.01 | 3.41 | .000 |
| (3.01–3.19) | (2.93–3.21) | (3.01–3.24) | (3.02–3.30) | (2.41–2.72) | (3.71–4.13) | (3.20–3.34) | (2.90–3.12) | (3.32–3.49) | ||||
| No child living nearby (1 = No child) | 35.44 | 39.45 | 32.38 | .001 | 33.87 | 34.75 | 32.76 | .608 | 12.04 | 16.98 | 9.44 | .001 |
Note: ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; Source: 2014 Health and Retirement Study., 2014 Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging, and 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.