Table 3.
Odds Ratios From Multivariate Logistic Regression on the Three Countries’ Subjects’ Receipt of Informal Care
| United States (N = 3,595) | Korea (N = 740) | China (N = 3,972) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model4 | Model5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | Model 10 | Model 11 | Model 12 | Model 13 | Model 14 | Model 15 | |
| Female | 1.44** (1.14–1.81) | 2.31** (1.41–3.80) | 1.31 (0.95–1.83) | 1.13 (0.80–1.60) | 0.81 (0.50–1.34) | 0.55* (0.32–0.97) | 0.99 (0.19–5.16) | 0.48* (0.26–0.89) | 0.65 (0.28–1.53) | 0.91 (0.42–1.96) | 1.33* (1.06–1.67) | 1.11 (0.54–2.30) | 1.58** (1.20–2.08) | 1.70** (1.16–2.49) | 1.09 (0.74–1.61) |
| Unmarried, living alone | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Unmarried, living with others | 3.43*** (2.44–4.80) | 3.74*** (1.97–7.09) | 3.42*** (2.44–4.79) | 3.43*** (2.44–4.83) | 3.45*** (2.46–4.85) | 2.11* (1.17–3.81) | 5.80 (0.93–36.33) | 2.13* (1.18–3.84) | 2.09* (1.16–3.77) | 2.04* (1.14–3.65) | 2.50*** (1.69–3.68) | 2.10 (0.95–4.65) | 2.58*** (1.76–3.79) | 2.48*** (1.68–3.66) | 2.52*** (1.71–3.71) |
| Married | 7.17*** (5.30–9.69) | 11.51*** (6.91–19.19) | 7.12*** (5.28–9.61) | 7.14*** (5.27–9.67) | 7.22*** (5.33–9.77) | 2.86** (1.54–5.30) | 4.78 (0.96–23.91) | 2.81** (1.52–5.18) | 2.88** (1.56–5.32) | 2.86** (1.54–5.32) | 4.55*** (3.20–6.47) | 3.96*** (2.00–7.85) | 4.69*** (3.30–6.65) | 4.53*** (3.18–6.44) | 4.56*** (3.21–6.49) |
| ADLs Limitations | 1.12 (0.97–1.31) | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 1.06 (0.84–1.32) | 1.13 (0.97–1.31) | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) | 0.84 (0.65–1.09) | 0.85 (0.66–1.09) | 0.76 (0.55–1.05) | 0.84 (0.65–1.09) | 0.84 (0.66–1.08) | 1.27*** (1.13–1.44) | 1.27*** (1.12–1.43) | 1.61*** (1.29–2.00) | 1.27*** (1.12–1.43) | 1.28*** (1.13–1.44) |
| IADLs Limitations | 3.00*** (2.54–3.51) | 3.01*** (2.56–3.54) | 2.99*** (2.54–3.51) | 2.60*** (2.15–3.15) | 3.01*** (2.56–3.53) | 1.39** (1.15–1.68) | 1.37** (1.14–1.66) | 1.40*** (1.16–1.70) | 1.45** (1.12–1.86) | 1.36** (1.13–1.65) | 2.09*** (1.89–2.32) | 2.09*** (1.89–2.32) | 2.09*** (1.88–2.31) | 2.38*** (1.97–2.87) | 2.09*** (1.89–2.32) |
| Chronic Conditions | 1.08* (1.01–1.16) | 1.09* (1.01–1.17) | 1.09* (1.01–1.17) | 1.09* (1.01–1.17) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 1.25** (1.06–1.47) | 1.24* (1.05–1.46) | 1.26** (1.07–1.48) | 1.24* (1.05–1.46) | 1.51** (1.16–1.95) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) |
| Interactions | |||||||||||||||
| Female × Unmarried, living alone | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Female × Unmarried, living with others | 0.87 (0.42–.1.80) | 0.31 (0.04–2.19) | 1.25 (0.51–3.08) | ||||||||||||
| Female × Married | 0.44** (0.25–0.79) | 0.62 (0.11–3.59) | 1.20 (0.55–2.62) | ||||||||||||
| Female × ADL Limitations | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) | 1.18 (0.84–1.67) | 0.70** (0.53–0.91) | ||||||||||||
| Female × IADL Limitations | 1.29 (0.95–1.75) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | ||||||||||||
| Female × Chronic conditions | 1.20** (1.05–1.38) | 0.74 (0.53–1.02) | 1.13 (0.93–1.36) | ||||||||||||
Note: Coefficients are odds ratio, and numbers in the parenthesis are 95% confidence intervals. Covariates and constants are omitted in the table. ADL = activity of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living. Adjusted for educational attainment, the number of living children, proximity of children, and the receipt of formal care.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Source: The 2014 Health and Retirement Study, 2014 Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging, and 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.