Table 2.

Traditional uses of H. indicum L.

Country	Local names	Traditional use as or to treat	Part(s) used	Mode of administration	Reference(s)
Bangladesh	Hatisur	Antidote to poisoning	Leaves and stem	Decoction of leaves and stems is administered orally.	[12]
		Swelling of knees, joint pain, and severe itching in leg	Root	Decoction or maceration of the root is used through vocal order (VO).	[25]
		Chicken pox	Leaves	Juice of roots is taken orally.	[26]
		Allergy	Leaves	Juice of the leaf is taken orally.
		Blood purification and infections	Root	Juice of roots is used both orally and topically.	[27]
Brazil	Aguará-ciunhá-ac¸ú and jacuá-acanga	Skin ulcers and burns	Leaves	Unknown	[19,37]
Benin	Koklosoudèn	Dystocia	Leaves	Trituration with water and drops in eyes	[38]
		Femal	Leaves	Leaf extract is filtered then applied through VO.
		Leucorrhoea	Whole plant	The diluted juice is administered through VO.
		Splenomegalia	Leaves	Unknown
		Psychosis	Leaves and root	Unknown
	Koclossoudinkpatcha (Fon)	Internal infection and hypertension	Stem and leaves	Decoction of stems with leaves is applied through VO.	[39]
Congo	Not registered	Stomach, fever, and eye lotion	Leaves	Decoction of fresh leaves with water that is taken 1 glass/day for 1 week.	[40]
Colombia	Rabo de alacrán and verbena	Internal parasites	Leaves	Decoction of fresh leaves	[41]
Guinea	Nasinko and hogghonhwan	Diarrhea and febrifuge	Whole plant	Decoction of the whole plant	[42]
		Antiseptic	Leaves	The decoction of leaves is allowed to administer through vocal order.	[43]
Ghana	Kɔmfemtikorɔ	Paludism and eye infections	Leaves	Decoction of leaves is used for 7 days.	[44]
Conakry	Not registered	Fever	Whole plant	Decoction of the whole plant	[9]
Gabon	(mo-)nyaka (w-)a mbumba (Eviya language)	Gingivitis	Leaves	Ground leaves of H. indicum for local application	[45]
India	Nakkipoo	Snakebite and scorpion sting	Leaves	The leaf juice is used by mixing with hot water.	[29]
	Indian heliotrope and hatisundha	Wounds and skin infections	Whole plant	Paste of the whole plant is applied topically.	[28]
		Ophthalmia	Root	Juice of the root is taken orally.	[46]
Ivory Coast	Klaouri (Gouro), kotokorokombo (Baoule), nansifo, nosiko (Malinke), tapentiti, and taperodia (Shien)	Colds and sinusitis	Leaves	Powder of dry leaves	[47]
Indonesia	Bandotanlombok, djingirajam, gadjahan, tlale, and tusokkonde	Herpes and rheumatism	Leaves	Decoction of leaf is used in thrush and poultices.	[9]
Jamaica	Turnsoles	Menorrhagia	Flower	Infusion of the flower is taken orally.	[48]
		Fever, ulcers, venereal diseases, and sore throat	Whole plant	Decoction of the whole plant is taken orally.
		Induced abortion	Whole plant	Decoction of the whole plant is applied to the vaginal cavity.
		Rectal sores	Whole plant	Decoction of the whole plant is administered rectally.
		Cleansing and dressing of wounds and ulcers	Whole plant	Paste of fresh plant
Mauritius	Herbepapillon (Creole) and taylkoudougou (Tamoul)	Renal colic	Leaves	Infusion of 4 or 5 green leaves	[32,49]
		Ophthalmia, diuretic, anthrax (poultice), and ulcers	Leaves	Diluted leaf of 1 or 2 cups
Mali	Nonsikou (Bambara)	Nausea and vomiting	Whole plant	Boiled decoction of plant bundle is taken orally.	[50]
		Baby thinness	Leaves	Leaves decoction through VO and bath 4x/day for 10 days	[9]
		Ocular infection	Leaves	Leaves decoction is used to wash eyes.
		Amenorrhea	Root	Decoction of roots is applied through VO and bath for 3 days.
		High blood pressure	Leaves	Leaves decoction (VO)
Mexico	Not registered	Asthma	Root	Decoction of roots or any plant part	[9]
Nigeria	Agogo-igun, ogbe, and akuko	Paludism, and sap is applied to gumboils.	Leaves	The decoction with water and allowed to administer through vocal order	[38]
		Hepatitis and fever	Leaves	The decoction with water and allowed to administer through vocal order
		Gonorrhea	Leaves	The leaf juice mixed with castor oil is locally applied.	[51]
	Otukeyin, ekaesinono, and edisimon (Ibibio)	Boils and sore throat	Leaves	Decoction of crushed leaves is applied through VO.	[52]
Nicaragua	Not registered	Skin infections	Leaves	Leaf paste is applied topically for skin infections.	[53,54]
		Whooping cough	Leaves and root	Decoction of a combination of leaf and root is taken orally.
Philippines	Buntot-leon, pengnga-pengnga, and puntaelepante	Diuretic and kidney stone	Whole plant	Decoction of the whole plant is taken orally.	[55]
Rodrigues Island	Herbepapillon	Calculus	Whole plant	Decoction of the plant is applied through VO.	[56]
	Herbepapillon (Rodrigues Creole) and Indian heliotrope (English)	Bloating and loss of appetite	Leaves	Decoction of the leaves (VO). 1 cup when needed.	[57]
Siby	Nonsikou	Vomiting	Leaves	Unknown	[9]
Seychelles	Not registered	Chirurgical pain	Leaves	The decoction with water and allowed to administer through vocal order	[58]
Senegal	Manding-bambarańâgiku	Child, eczema, impetigo, and dermatitis	Leaves	The leaf powder is prepared by drying in the shadow and in the open-air that is applied in local.	[59]
		Diuretic and kidney stone	Whole plant	Decoction of the whole plant is taken orally.	[55,60]
Sao Tome	Folhagalo	Ulcers	Leaves	The crushed leaves with palm oil are applied on the affected area.	[61]
Sierra Leone	Not registered	Washing the newborn babies	Leaves	Decoction of leaves	[9]
South America	Not registered	Insect bites and scorpion stings	Leaves and root	Paste of leaf and root together is applied externally.	[62]
Togo	Koklotadoe and agamassiké (Ewé)	Dermatosis	Leaves	Local application of leaves juice	[38]
		Liver diseases	Whole plant	Decoction of the whole plant	[63]
Tanzania	Humbangara (Ngoni)	Yaws	Root	Decoction or maceration of the root through VO	[64]
Taiwan	Gou-wei-chung-tsan	Hepatitis	Leaves and root	Paste of leaf and root together is applied externally.	[65]
Thailand	Yah nguang-chang	Produce permanent sterilization in females	Inflorescence	One gram of the dried and powdered inflorescence mixed with milk or water is used for 3 days beginning with the fourth day of menses to achieve the desired result.	[33]
West Indies		Head lice	Whole plant	Paste of fresh whole plant	[66]