Table 4.

Pharmacological activities of different parts of H. indicum L.

Activity	Extract	Method	Results	References
Antioxidant activity	Methanolic extract of leaf, stem, and root	DPPH free radical scavenging assay	Leaf extract yields greater free radical scavenging activity than the stem and roots.	[80]
	Aqueous leaf extract		Show high free radical scavenging activity compared with Centella asiatica, Coccinia grandis, and Euphorbia hirta.	[81]
	Ethanol and water extracts of the whole plant		Ethanolic extract showed high antioxidant activity.	[14]
Analgesic activity	Aqueous and ethanol extracts of the whole plant	In vivo: Formalin-induced nociception in mice	Both extracts have analgesic activity.	[82]
Antinociceptive activity	Methanolic extract of the roots	Acetic-acid-induced writhing in mice	Extract produced writhing inhibition in the test animals.	[7]
	Chloroform extract of leaves	Hot-plate model in male Swiss albino mice	Extract showed writhing inhibition in mice.	[83]
Antiinflammatory activity	Methanol extracts of leaf, stem, and root	Egg-albumin- and carrageenin-induced acute paw edema models and cotton pellet granuloma sub-acute inflammation model	Extract of roots produced a significant antiinflammatory effect in acetic-acid-induced writhing in mice.	[18,84]
	Chloroform extract of leaves	Carrageenan-induced raw paw edema	The extract showed maximum inhibition on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema.	[83]
	Aqueous whole plant extract	Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced uveitis rabbits	The extract reduced both the clinical scores of inflammation and inflammatory cells infiltration.	[85]
Antimicrobial activity	Alcoholic extract of the whole plant	Agar cup plate diffusion method	The alcoholic extract was found to possess dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and yeasts,	[8,86]
	Petroleum ether, chloroform, aqueous, and methanolic extracts of leaves		All extracts show effective antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria	[6,37]
	Aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform extracts of the whole plant		Had significant zones of inhibition against bacteria and fungi.	[87]
	Methanol whole plant extracts		Exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activity.	[88]
	Methanol leaves extract		Had an antibacterial activity.	[8]
Antituberculosis activity	Volatile oil of H. indicum from aerial parts	Alamar blue assay system with an MIC	Had profound antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra.	[79]
Antihyperglycemic activity	Whole plant methanol extracts	Tested on the fasting blood glucose levels of streptozotocin-induced (STZ-induced) diabetic rats	Showed a conspicuous reduction in blood glucose levels and normalization of blood glucose levels.	[89]
Anticataract activity	Ethanolic leaf extract	Galactose-induced cataract in rats	Significantly increased the lens glutathione.	[20]
	Aqueous extract of the whole plant	Selenite-induced cataracts in Sprague–Dawley rats	Expressively inhibited the development of selenite-induced cataracts.	[90]
Antiplasmodial properties	Dichloromethane, methanol, and total aqueous extracts of the whole plant	Tested on chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum	Revealed no direct antiplasmodial activity.	[91]
Antifertility activity	Petroleum ether extract of the whole plant	In vivo test on rats	Exhibited profound activity.	[77]
	Extract of the n-hexane and benzene fractions of whole plant	Antiimplantation and abortifacient models in rats	Had substantial antifertility activity.	[92]
Anthelmintic activity	Methanolic extract of leaves	In vitro anthelmintic bioassay	The extract showed significant anthelmintic efficacy.	[93]
Antitumor activity	Methanolic extract of both stem and leaf	MTT assay on HeLa cell lines	Both extracts exhibited antiproliferative activity where the stem extract showed interesting results.	[94]
	Ethanolic extract of the whole plant	MTT assay on SKBR3 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line	Showed momentous antiproliferative activity.	[91]
Antitussive property	Ethanolic extract of leaves	The citric acid saturated chamber in animals	Extract syrup recorded the lowest number of coughs.	[95]
Antiglaucoma activity	Aqueous whole plant extract	Glaucoma of rabbits in vivo	Significantly reduced intraocular pressure in acute and chronic glaucoma.	[90]
Wound-healing activity	Dried parts of ethanolic extracts	Excision and restored incision wound model	Showed wound-healing capacity.	[19]
	n-Butanol fractions aerial part (stem and leaves)	The scratch assay	The isolated compound contains profound wound-healing activity.	[96]
	The petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts of leaves.	Excision (normal and infected), incision, and dead space wound models in rats	Methanol and aqueous extracts attributed intense wound-healing activity.	[37]
Histo-gastroprotective activity	Aqueous extract of the dried leaves	Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcerated mucosa in rats	Had effective histo-gastroprotective activity.	[10]
Diuretic activity	Methanolic extract of the dried roots	Biuret, a urea derivative assayed by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) in mice	The extract revealed a marked diuretic effect.	[7]
Relaxant/receptor property	Ethanol extract of the roots	Guinea pig ileum and rabbit duodenum in vitro	Possess weak smooth muscle relaxant activity.	[97]
	Dark-brown solid extract of aerial parts	Guinea pig ileum, rabbit jejunum, rat uterus, and rat anococcygeus preparations in vivo	Showed profound receptor property	[98]
Clot lysis and membrane-stabilizing activities	Ethanolic, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform extracts of leaves	Membrane-stabilizing and thrombolytic activities in vitro	Had potential clot lysis and membrane-stabilizing activities.	[99]
	Methanol extract of the whole plant	In vitro thrombolytic model and membrane-stabilizing activity assay on human RBC subjected to heat and hypotonic stress	Protected the hemolysis of RBCs induced by hypotonic solution and heat stress.	[88]
Antiallergic activity	Aqueous whole plant extract	Ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis on Dunkin–Hartley guinea pigs	Exhibited antiallergic effect possibly by immunomodulation or immunosuppression.	[90]
Larvicidal activity	Ethanolic leaf extract	Larvicidal bioassay on mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti	The extract showed effective mosquito larvicidal activity.	[100]
Pesticidal activity	Ethanol extract of aerial parts	Brine shrimp lethality bioassay	Possess potent activity against the brine shrimp nauplii.	[7]