Table 1.
Clinical Manifestations of PNES Based on VEEG Analysis
| Author (n=Number of Patients with PNES) | Gröppel et al 200049 (n=27) Vienna, Austria | Selwa et al 200050 (n=85) Michigan, USA | Seneviratne et al 201051 (n=61) Melbourne, Australia | Hubsch et al 201252 (n=55) Nancy, France | Dikmen et al 201353 (n=37) Istanbul, Turkey | Wadwekar et al 201354 (n=65) Pondicherry, India | Magaudda et al 201655 (n=55) Messina, Italy | Ali Assadi Pooya 201734 Multicenter International Study (n=89) | Ali Assadi Pooya 201935 Multicenter International Study (n=389) | Madaan et al 201857 (n=80, paediatric) New Delhi, India | Lombardi et al 202044 (n=32) Argentina |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor symptoms | Psychogenic motor seizures | Intermittent 4.7% Trashing 22.3% |
Hypermotor (limb and trunk movements, hyperventilation) 3.3% Complex motor (51.5% trunk extensions) 10% Mixed pattern 5.2% |
Hyperkinetic prolonged attack with hyperventilation and auras (limb movements, without trunk, hyperventilation) 11.7% Axial dystonic prolonged attack (85% trunk extension) 16.4% Dystonic attack with primitive gestural activity 31.6% |
Complex motor attack: (hypermotor, tonic-clonic, versive.) | Hyperkinetic prolonged attacks with movements of limbs and trunk, hyperventilation 25.9% Axial dystonic attacks 14.8% (87.5% trunk extension/12.5% flexion) Dystonic attacks with primitive gestural activities 5.6% |
Hypermotor Focal motor |
Hypermotor (53–27%) Focal motor (10–8%) |
Hypermotor (89 −79%) | Hypermotor 1.2% Complex motor 3.7% Mixed 28.8% |
Hypermotor/hyperkinetic (limb and trunk movements) (81%) |
| Psychogenic minor motor or trembling seizures (100% lack of responsiveness) | Automatisms 3.5% Tremor 4.7% |
Rhythmic motor (83.8% lack of responsiveness) 46.7% | Paucikinetic attack with preserved responsiveness (3.4% lack of responsiveness) 23.4% | Simple motor attack (myoclonic, tremor-like) | Paucikinetic attacks with or without preserved responsiveness 9.3% (80% lack of responsiveness) | Akinetic | Akinetic (28–29%) | Akinetic (11–18% | Rhythmic motor 10% | Automatisms 21.8% Akinetic (31%) |
|
| Other Symptoms (psychic symptoms, awareness, sensorial) | Psychogenic atonic seizures 25.9% (100% lack of responsiveness) | Catatonic Symptoms 22.3% | Dialeptic 11.2% (16% hyperventilation, 100% lack of responsiveness) | Pseudo-syncope 16.9% (85% lack of responsiveness) | Dialeptic attack Special PNES (atonic, astatic, hypotonic) | Pseudosyncope 38–9% (19% hyperventilation, 80% lack of responsiveness) |
Lack of responsiveness (32 – 82%) | Dialeptic 42.5% |
Lack of responsiveness (28%) |
||
| Subjective Symptoms 11.7% | Non-epileptic psychic Aura 23.6% | Non-epileptic aura (psychic/somatosensoy) | Unclassified type 5.6% | Subjective symptoms | Subjective symptoms (55–10%) | Non-epileptic Auras (23–89%) | Non-epileptic aura 13.8% | Non-epileptic Auras (6.5%) |
Note: Resume of the most important reports about semiological manifestations of PNES, according to the clinical studies based on VEEG analysis.