Table 1.

PPAR agonists that target hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism

Drug	Mechanism of action	Mode of administration	Regulatory status	Clinical effect					References
				Steatosis	Fibrosis markers	Hepatic enzymes	HbA1c	Insulin resistance
Pioglitazone	PPAR-γ	PO	Phase IV	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	[13, 151–153]
Rosiglitazone	PPAR-γ	PO	Phase IV	↓	=	↓	↓	↓	[154, 155]
Lobeglitazone	PPAR-γ	PO	Phase III	↓	=	NA	NA	↓	[156]
MSDC-0602 K	PPAR-γ MPC	PO	Phase IIb	↓	=	↓	↓	↓	[15, 157]
INT-131 besylate (CHS-131)	PPAR-γ SPPARM	PO	Phase III	↓	=	NA	↓	↓	[17]
MK-0533	PPAR-γ SPPARM	PO	Phase II	NA	NA	NA	↓	↓	[18]
YR4–42	PPAR-γ SPPARM	PO	Preclinical	↓	NA	NA	↓	↓	[19]
Fenofibrate	PPAR-α	PO	Phase IV	=	=	↓	=	=	[20–22]
Bezafibrate	PPAR-α	PO	Phase IV	NA	NA	↓	=	=	[23–25]
Pemafibrate (K-877)	PPAR-α SPPARM	PO	Phase II	NA	NA	↓	NA	↓	[26]
Saroglitazar	PPAR-α/γ	PO	Phase IIa	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	[28, 29, 158]
Aleglitazar	PPAR-α/γ	PO	Phase III-stop	NA	NA	NA	↓	↓	[159]
Tesaglitazar	PPAR-α/γ	PO	Phase III-stop	↓a	NA	↓a	↓	↓	[160]
Muraglitazar	PPAR-α/γ	PO	Phase III-stop	↓	NA	↓	↓	↓	[161, 162]
TAK-559	PPAR-α/γ	PO	Phase III-stop	NA	NA	=	↓	↓	[163]
MK0767	PPAR-α/γ	PO	Phase III-stop	NA	NA	NA	↓	↓	[164]
Lanifibranor (IVA337)	PPAR-α/γ/δ	PO	Phase IIa	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	[31, 32]
Elafibranor (GFT505)	PPAR-α/δ	PO	Phase III	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	[30, 33]

^aPreclinical data

MPC, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; PO, oral