Table 1.
The clinical characteristics, prevalence of cSVD and characteristics of arterial structure and function in individuals with type 1 diabetes vs. healthy controls
| Individuals with type 1 diabetes N = 186 | Controls N = 30 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 40.0 (33.0–45.0) | 38.4 (31.4–43.2) | 0.475 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 89 (47.8) | 13 (56.7) | 0.646 |
| Diabetes duration, years, median (IQR) | 21.6 (18.2–30.3) | 0 | - |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 26.2 (24.0–28.7) | 24.3 (22.5–25.5) | 0.004 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, median (IQR) | 129.3 (119.0–139.5) | 121.0 (116.0–128.0) | 0.003 |
| HbA1c, %, median (IQR) | 8.1 (7.4–8.9) | 5.2 (4.9–5.4) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 4.4 (4.0–4.9) | 4.4 (4.2–5.5) | 0.243 |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 2.4 (2.1–3.0) | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | 0.156 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | 0.8 (0.7–1.4) | 0.640 |
| Apolipoprotein B, g/L, median (IQR) | 67.0 (59.0–83.0) | 69.0 (57.3–94.5) | 0.491 |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L, median (IQR) | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 0.4 (0.2–1.5) | 0.002 |
| cSVD, n (%) | 64 (34.4) | 3 (10) | 0.007 |
| CMBs, n (%) | 44 (23.7) | 1 (3.3) | 0.011 |
| WMHs, n (%) | 31 (16.7) | 2 (6.7) | 0.271 |
| Lacunae, n (%) | 4 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| CIMT, μm, median (IQR) | 566 (507–622) | 491 (458–554) | < 0.001 |
| Central PWV, m/s, median (IQR) | 7.3 (6.1–8.8) | 6.7 (5.3–7.2) | 0.003 |
| Brachial PWV, m/s, mean ± SD | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 7.8 ± 1.1 | 0.363 |
| AIx, %, median (IQR) | 14.9 (6.6–22.0) | 11.5 (5.8–19.2) | 0.140 |
IQR = interquartile range, CIMT = carotid intima-media thickness, PWV = pulse wave velocity, AIx = augmentation index, cSVD = cerebral small-vessel disease, CMBs = cerebral microbleeds, WMHs = white matter hyperintensities