Ocean sector type	Example investments
Natural capital: development and investment flows are directed to the natural assets that underpin ecosystem services, e.g. conservation and restoration of natural systems, and do not involve the creation of built structures. Perceived investment risks in this sector are relatively high as natural capital is not a conventional invesment	Natural infrastructure: Proposed restoration of Louisiana wetland ecosystems for flood defence (Project Scale: <US$100 million)78.
Extractable natural resources: involve human activities that remove or produce a physical good from the ocean. These sectors, such as fisheries, have received extensive investment for many years. As such, sustainable development of these sectors involve redirecting existing investment towards sustainable pathways, while simultaneously generating new sources of capital.	Wild-caught marine fisheries (small scale): Development of aggregated fish processing site, sourcing from multiple small-scale fisheries (Project scale: <US$ 1 million)79. Sustainable aquaculture: Indian Ocean trepang fish farm expansion (Project Scale: <US$10 million)80. Marine bioprospecting: Early-stage investment in bioprospecting firm (Project Scale: <US$10 million)81.
Marine & coastal development: creation of new, fixed, physical assets at sea and along the coast. These include sectors, such as shipping, that occur physically on the ocean (e.g. maritime transportation, ocean-based renewable energy), or land-based sectors that have a clear marine impact, e.g. marine ecotourism, port, harbour, and boat construction, waste management. Sectors such as shiping have been invested in for many years, and will require redirecting capital towards sustainability, whereasnewer sectors such as marine ecotourism will need new sources of capital.	Nature-based infrastructure: Public investment in nature-based generation of new beaches, North Sea coast (Project Scale: <US$100 m)82. Maritime transportation: Fleet-wide vessel retrofitting for fuel efficiency and lower emissions (Project Scale: >US$100 million)83.
Knowledge and creative sector: includes academic, non-academic, professional, and public sector services that conduct research and development activities to create new knowledge and innovation for a sustainable ocean economy. Some of these emerging sectors, e.g. ocean technology development, may be perceived as high risk, and require new sources of high-risk high-reward capital.	Academic research: Ongoing establishment of a new Blue economy Institute at the University of Nairobi (Project Scale: >US$100 million).