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. 2021 Jun 8;11:12039. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91362-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the dynamics of host–pathogen interaction during C. albicans and S. aureus infection in healthy blood. (a–c) Results of fitting the state-based model (SBM) and the agent-based model (ABM) to experimental data. Simulated dynamics of the combined units (solid line) were obtained by fitting the SBM (dark color) and the ABM (light color) to the experimentally measured association kinetics (dotted line). Experimental data were gained from whole-blood infection assays with either C. albicans (green, n = 10) or S. aureus (red, n = 7). SBM: line thickness represents SD obtained by 50 simulations with transition rate values sampled within their corresponding SD. ABM: line thickness represents the standard deviations obtained from 30 stochastic simulations with the estimated diffusion coefficients. (a) and (b), dynamics of the combined units P_N and P_M, which correspond to the experimental data on pathogens associated with neutrophils and monocytes. (c) kinetics of the combined unit P_E together with experimentally measured kinetics of either fungal or bacterial cells in extracellular space. (d) Mean values (± SD) of transition rate values obtained by fitting the SBM to experimental data using simulated annealing. The rate of phagocytosis by neutrophils ( $ϕ_{N}$ ) and by monocytes ( $ϕ_{M}$ ) as well as the rate for immune escape ( $ρ$ ) are depicted for infection scenarios with either C. albicans (green circle) or S. aureus (red circle). (e) Diffusion coefficients for neutrophils $(D_{N})$ and monocytes $(D_{M})$ were estimated by fitting the ABM to the experimental data for C. albicans (green circle) and S. aureus (red circle), respectively. Mean and SD are calculated from all parameter sets with a mean LSE within the SD of the optimal parameter set. (f) Association of viable and inactivated C. albicans with blood monocytes and neutrophils after 60 min quantified using flow cytometry. Significance was estimated using the unpaired, two-sided Student t test (***P < 0.001). (g) Release of monocyte-derived cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in plasma samples generated from 4 h whole-blood infection experiments in response to viable and inactivated C. albicans cells was investigated. Bars are shown as means ± SD of at least 3 independent experiments with whole blood from different donors.