Table 1.
Associations between cardio metabolic risk factors and demographic indicators in non-pregnant women, The Gambia, 2018.
| Characteristic | Diabetesa | Elevated HbA1ca | Hypertensionb | Obesityc | Any Inflammationh | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 1407) | (N = 1407) | (N = 1685) | (N = 1651) | (N = 1401) | ||||||
| %d | (95% CI)e | %d | (95% CI)e | %d | %d | %d | (95% CI)e | %d | (95% CI)e | |
| Age in years (p-valuef) | < 0.05 | 0.40 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0005 | < 0.0001 | |||||
| 15–19 | 4.4 | (2.3, 8.1) | 50.4 | (42.4, 58.5) | 9.5 | (6.6, 13.5) | 2.1 | (0.7, 6.3) | 7.2 | (4.7, 11.0) |
| 20–24 | 7.9 | (4.9, 12.5) | 52.1 | (43.4, 60.6) | 12.2 | (5.7, 24.3) | 4.1 | (1.8, 9.3) | 14.5 | (10.8, 19.1) |
| 25–29 | 8.8 | (4.5, 16.8) | 51.0 | (39.1, 62.9) | 13.1 | (8.7, 19.2) | 4.7 | (2.3, 9.3) | 20.6 | (12.6, 31.9) |
| 30–34 | 5.7 | (3.0, 10.5) | 53.1 | (40.5, 65.4) | 21.0 | (14.7, 29) | 16.1 | (9.0, 26.9) | 22.8 | (15.6, 32.1) |
| 35–39 | 12.5 | (6.8, 22.0) | 56.7 | (43.3, 69.1) | 28.3 | (17.9, 41.7) | 15.1 | (10.4, 21.6) | 35.0 | (28.8, 41.8) |
| 40–44 | 5.2 | (2.0, 12.8) | 63.9 | (52.9, 73.6) | 44.7 | (29.4, 61) | 32.2 | (24.7, 40.8) | 45.8 | (35.1, 57.0) |
| 45–49 | 18.9 | (8.8, 36.0) | 65.2 | (41.4, 83.3) | 53.8 | (40.5, 66.5) | 2.1 | (0.7, 6.3) | 45.3 | (32.8, 58.5) |
| Woman’s education (p-valuef) | 0.21 | < 0.05 | < 0.005 | 0.50 | 0.14 | |||||
| Never at school | 11.4 | (5.5, 22.0) | 62.1 | (54.6, 69.0) | 29.1 | (22.5, 36.7) | 12.2 | (9.0, 16.4) | 26.4 | (20.9, 32.6) |
| Primary school | 8.1 | (4.7, 13.5) | 59.7 | (50.9, 68.0) | 19.4 | (14.9, 24.9) | 10.7 | (7.4, 15.4) | 22.0 | (14.4, 32.2) |
| Lower Secondary | 5.2 | (2.7, 9.6) | 49.8 | (39.6, 59.9) | 16.7 | (9.6, 27.4) | 12.7 | (7.3, 21.4) | 18.8 | (11.9, 28.5) |
| Upper Secondary | 3.4 | (1.3, 8.7) | 35.7 | (23.8, 49.7) | 10.0 | (6.5, 15.2) | 6.3 | (3.5, 11.1) | 15.8 | (11.6, 21.1) |
| Higher | 7.7 | (2.6, 20.5) | 53.5 | (29.3, 76.2) | 11.0 | (5.3, 21.5) | 10.8 | (4.3, 24.4) | 32.5 | (21.7, 45.5) |
| Residence (p-valuef) | 0.22 | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.18 | |||||
| Urban | 7.2 | (4.2, 12.0) | 53.6 | (44.0, 63.0) | 18.8 | (15.6, 22.6) | 12.3 | (9.6, 15.6) | 23.9 | (21.8, 26.2) |
| Rural | 10.3 | (7.7, 13.7) | 56.6 | (51.4, 61.7) | 25.5 | (19.8, 32.1) | 8.3 | (5.2, 13.0) | 20.2 | (15.9, 25.3) |
| Local Gov’t Authority (p-valuef) | 0.14 | 0.18 | < 0.005 | 0.09 | 0.23 | |||||
| Banjul | 13.6 | (7.4, 23.8) | 57.2 | (47.1, 66.7) | 28.0 | (22, 34.9) | 17.1 | (12.3, 23.2) | 28.8 | (23.3, 35) |
| Kanifing | 7.8 | (4.8, 12.4) | 45.1 | (34.5, 56.1) | 11.5 | (8.1, 16.1) | 15.8 | (11.6, 21.2) | 26.7 | (22.6, 31.2) |
| Brikama | 7.1 | (3.1, 15.8) | 57.7 | (43.2, 71.1) | 20.0 | (15.5, 25.3) | 11.4 | (7.8, 16.4) | 21.4 | (18.6, 24.6) |
| Mansakonko | 2.8 | (1.5, 5.3) | 41.2 | (31.3, 51.7) | 24.3 | (20.5, 28.6) | 5.1 | (3.8, 7.0) | 24.5 | (17.1, 33.7) |
| Kuntaur | 19.8 | (11.6, 31.8) | 67.6 | (45.7, 83.8) | 12.6 | (7.6, 20) | 2.7 | (1.0, 7.3) | 14.8 | (7.5, 26.9) |
| Kerewan | 12.9 | (7.7, 20.8) | 63.3 | (54.4, 71.3) | 31.4 | (18.1, 48.7) | 9.6 | (5.8, 15.4) | 28.3 | (18.7, 40.3) |
| Janjanbureh | 8.9 | (4.1, 18.5) | 56.8 | (49.9, 63.4) | 18.6 | (14, 24.3) | 6.8 | (4.2, 10.9) | 21.6 | (16, 28.4) |
| Basse | 5.4 | (2.9, 10.0) | 49.9 | (42.2, 57.6) | 29.2 | (21.7, 38.1) | 10.6 | (5.4, 19.9) | 20.1 | (13.7, 28.5) |
| Wealth quintile (p-valuef) | 0.57 | 0.21 | 0.08 | < 0.005 | 0.56 | |||||
| Poorest | 11.9 | (7.6, 18.4) | 62.2 | (54.5, 69.3) | 23.6 | (17.3, 31.4) | 3.9 | (2.5, 5.9) | 18.8 | (13.1, 26.2) |
| Second | 7.8 | (4.1, 14.5) | 57.4 | (43.8, 69.9) | 19.9 | (13.7, 28) | 8.9 | (6.7, 11.7) | 21.8 | (15.4, 29.8) |
| Middle | 7.5 | (2.8, 18.6) | 60.1 | (47.7, 71.3) | 25.5 | (19.7, 32.4) | 13.0 | (8.6, 19.2) | 24.1 | (17.5, 32.2) |
| Fourth | 5.9 | (3.3, 10.4) | 54.9 | (41.6, 67.5) | 16.9 | (13.2, 21.4) | 12.2 | (7.9, 18.3) | 21.7 | (16.6, 27.8) |
| Wealthiest | 7.6 | (4.3, 12.9) | 39.3 | (20.9, 61.4) | 16.2 | (12.4, 21) | 15.7 | (10.3, 23.3) | 26.5 | (21.4, 32.3) |
| Household sanitation g (p-valuef) | < 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0.21 | 0.14 | |||||
| Inadequate | 10.5 | (7.1, 15.1) | 59.8 | (55.0, 64.5) | 21.0 | (16.5, 26.4) | 10.0 | (7.5, 13.2) | 20.5 | (17.4, 24) |
| Adequate | 5.3 | (3.2, 8.5) | 48.2 | (35.7, 60.9) | 20.5 | (16.7, 24.9) | 12.4 | (9.1, 16.7) | 25.6 | (21.2, 30.7) |
| Total | 8.1 | (5.7, 11.3) | 54.5 | (47.4, 61.4) | 20.9 | (17.9, 34.3) | 11.4 | (9.3, 14.0) | 22.9 | (20.9, 25.0) |
Note: All N’s reflect the total number of subjects with valid data for each condition. N’s for each sub-group analysis vary slightly.
aDiabetes defined as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% and elevated HbA1c as ≥ 5.7%
bHypertension defined as systolic blood pressure of ≥ 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 90 mmHg.
cObesity defined as body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 30 kg/ m2.
dPercentages weighted for non-response and survey design.
eCI = confidence interval, adjusted for cluster and stratified sampling design.
fChi-square p-value < 0.05 indicates that the proportion in at least one subgroup is statistically significant.
gComposite variable of toilet type and if toilet facilities are shared with non-household members; Adequate Sanitation = flush or pour flush toilet or pit latrine with slab not shared with another household; Inadequate sanitation = open pit, bucket latrine, hanging toilet/latrine, no facility, bush, field.
hAny inflammation defined as CRP > 3 mg/L and/or AGP > 1 g/L.