Table 3.
Associations between different cardio metabolic risk factors in non-pregnant women, The Gambia, 2018.
| Characteristic | Diabetesa | Elevated HbA1ca | Hypertensionb | Obesityc | Any Inflammationk | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 1407) | (N = 1407) | (N = 1685) | (N = 1651) | (N = 1378) | ||||||
| %d | (95% CI)e | %d | (95% CI)e | %d | (95% CI)e | %d | (95% CI)e | %d | (95% CI)e | |
| Diabetesa (p-valuef) | 0.73 | < 0.005 | < 0.05 | |||||||
| Yes | 20.4 | (14.3, 28.3) | 25.0 | (15.9, 37.0) | 34.2 | (22.5, 48.1) | ||||
| No | 18.9 | (15.4, 22.9) | 11.4 | (8.7, 14.6) | 21.9 | (20, 24) | ||||
| Elevated HbA1ca (p-valuef) | 0.89 | 0.24 | 0.08 | |||||||
| Yes | 19.2 | (15.0, 24.1) | 13.8 | (11.0, 17.3) | 25.1 | (21.6, 28.9) | ||||
| No | 18.8 | (15.1, 23.2) | 10.9 | (7.2, 16.0) | 20.2 | (17.4, 23.4) | ||||
| Hypertensionb (p-valuef) | 0.73 | 0.89 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 8.4 | (4.3, 15.9) | 54.8 | (44.3, 64.9) | 24.6 | (16.4, 35.2) | 38.7 | (32.5, 45.3) | ||
| No | 7.7 | (5.6, 10.6) | 54.2 | (47.0, 44.3) | 8.5 | (6.7, 10.9) | 19.1 | (16.5, 21.9) | ||
| Obesityc (p-valuef) | < 0.005 | 0.24 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 15.7 | (8.7, 26.5) | 60.2 | (46.2, 72.6) | 39.7 | (28.8, 51.8) | 60.2 | (50.7, 69.1) | ||
| No | 6.7 | (4.6, 9.7) | 53.5 | (46.6, 60.3) | 15.8 | (12.6, 19.7) | 17.7 | (15.5, 20.1) | ||
| Inflammationk (p-valuef) | < 0.05 | < 0.08 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Elevate CRP and/or AGP | 11.5 | (7.4, 17.4) | 59.6 | (49.5, 68.9) | 32.9 | (25.9, 40.9) | 31.9 | (25.5, 39.1) | ||
| No inflammation | 6.6 | (4.1, 10.2) | 52.7 | (46.2, 59.1) | 15.5 | (12.4, 19.2) | 6.2 | (4.3, 8.8) | ||
aDiabetes defined as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% and elevated HbA1c as HbA1c ≥ 5.7%
bHypertension defined as systolic blood pressure of ≥ 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 90 mmHg
cObesity defined as body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively
dPercentages weighted for non-response and survey design
eCI = confidence interval, adjusted for cluster and stratified sampling design
fChi-square p-value < 0.05 indicates that the proportion between the subgroups is statistically significantly
kAny inflammation defined as CRP > 3 mg/L and/or AGP > 1 g/L