Table 3.

CNBCs for metal-ion batteries LIBs, SIBs and PIBs

Battery type	Materials	Synthesis	Morphology	Initial capacity (mAh g−1)	ICEa	Reversible capacity (mAh g−1)	References
LIBs	huCP/g-C3N4	Hydrothermal treatment	Carbon fibers with large pores and hollow structure	1199 @ 1 A/g	~ 93%	1030 @ 1000 cycles	[147]
	g-C3N4–rGO	In-situ chemical synthetic approach	2D sheets	3002 @ 100 mA/g	57%	1525 @ 50 cycles	[108]
	CN-rGO	Hydrothermal synthesis	3D Sandwich architecture	1632 @ 50 mA/g	41.3%	970 @ 300 cycles	[130]
	g-C3N4@rGO	Hydrothermal reaction	Spongy, porous, and tangled ultrathin sheets	2731 @ 0.1 C	~89%	901 @ 50 cycles	[131]
	SN/CN	Hydrothermal	Cauliflower-like morphology	733 @ 0.1 C	55.4%	~420 @ 60 cycles	[132]
	SnO2@C3N4	Scalable solid-state reaction	Porous and wrinkled material	1200 @ 0.1 C	~50%	550 @ 100 cycles	[149]
	TiO2@CNS (TCNS)	Self-assembly approach/hydrothermal	Spherical Core–shell particles	359 @ 0.1 C	~90%	303 @ 125 cycles	[100]
	Zn2GeO4/g-C3N4	Facile solution approach	ultrathin nanosheet.	1068 @ 200 mA/g	58.6%	1370 @ 140 cycles	[109]
LIBs	NiCo2O4/g-C3N4	Facile ultrasonic treatment	Nanosheet structure	1367 @ 100 mA/g	84.5%	1252 @ 100 cycles	[150]
	Li4Ti5O12/g-C3N4	Solvothermal method	Nanoparticles	173.7 @ 0.5 C	–	150.8 @ 502 cycles	[133]
	Nitrogen-doped LTO/C (NCLTO)	Thermal decomposition	Irregular sized nanoparticles	189 @ 1 C	~92%	122 @ 500 cycles	[109]
	CuO/O-doped g-C3N4	Hydrothermal	Nanospheres	980 @ 100 mA/g	94.7%	738 @ 100 cycles	[101]
	3D N-rich C3N4@MoS2	Hydrothermal	Nanosphere	2390 @ 0.1 C	~74%	857 @ 50 cycles	[154]
	MoS3/g-C3N4–H+/GO	Sonication/thermal treatment	2D sheet-like structure	1728 @ 0.1 mA/g	–	1450 @ 200 cycles	[103]
	MoS2/g-C3N4	Thermal treatment (calcination)	Spherical particles	2467 @ 0.05 C	~41%	1204 @ 200 cycles	[175]
	WS2/g-C3N4	Solid-state reaction	Nano-sized petal-like sheets	1933.6 @ 100 mA/g	63.6%	622.7 @ 400 cycles	[156]
	SnS2/CN	Microwave hydrothermal method	Nanoflower	1465.9 @ 100 mA/g	47%	383.8	[153]
	Co1−xS@g-C3N4	Solvothermal method	Spherical-like	~1250 @ 0.1 A/g	~55%	789.59 @ 210 cycles	[155]
	C3N5/MoS2	Soft- and hard templating methods	Highly ordered mesoporous nanosheet	271 @ 100 mA/g	60%	193 @ 100 cycles	[112]
SIBs	huCP/g-C3N4	Hydrothermal treatment	Carbon fibers with large pores and hollow structure	222 @ 0.1 A/g	–	345 @ 380 cycles	[147]
	N-doped MoC	Pyrolysis	Hollow microspheres	1040 @0.16 A/g	–	410@ 200 cycles	[172]
	Amorphous carbon nitride (ACN)	Copolymerization/direct carbonization	Uniform rhombic dodecahedral shape	640 @ 83 mA/g	67.2%	175 @ 2000 cycles	[173]
	N-FLG-800	Pyrolysis	2D lamellar structure of with plenty of wrinkles	256.7 @ 0.5 A/g	83.5%	211.3 @ 2000 cycles	[175]
	C/g-C3N4	One-pot calcination	2D-sheet-like structure	~200 @ 0.4 A/g	99  %	~ 160 @ 400 cycles	[128]
	g-C3N4 film	Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)	2D thin film	–	98  %	~6 Ah/g @ 500 cycles	[174]
	CN/MoS2-600	Nanotemplating approach	Corrugated cardboard-like morphology	–	70%	605	[98]
	C3N5/MoS2	Combined soft- and hard templating methods	Ordered mesoporous nanosheet	126 @ 100 mA/g	46%	54 @ 100 cycles	[112]
PIBs	1D/2D C3N4/rGO	Hydrothermal/freeze drying method	1D-C3N4 rod infused in-between the 2D-sheet	682.7 @ 0.5 A/g	56.8%	557.4 @ 50 cycles	[54]
PIBs	Co3O4@N–C	Ionic liquid-assisted solvothermal method	Spherical	1229.2 @ 50 mA/g	48.2%	448.7 @ 40 cycles	[176]
LIBs	Si@rGO/g-C3N4	Template-free self-assembly and pyrolysis process	Multilayered 3D framework	1354.8 @ 0.5 C	70.9%	799.6 @ 1000 cycles	[159]
	P/rGO-C3N4	Ball milling	Nubby structure (40–200 nm)	2423.4 @ 200 mA/g	99%	1032.6 @ 600 cycles	[160]
	rGO/g-C3N4/SnS2 (GSC6)	Hydrothermal route	3D porous structure	1073.1 @ 100 mA/g	61.1%	1118.6 @ 100 cycles	[122]
	rGO/g-C3N4@SnS2	Solvothermal synthesis	Nano-spheres anchored on hybrid sheet	~600 @ 800 mA/g	——	864.9 @ 1000 cycles	[164]
	MnO/C3N4/C	Sonication/calcination	3D Porous sphere	918.9 @ 0.5 C	66%	781.9 @ 86 cycles	[165]
	SnO2-TiO2-C3N4	Self-assembly deposition	Microspherical shaped NPs	853 @ 0.1 C	——	114.1 @ 20 cycles	[188]
	Co@Co9S8/S–N-C	Hydrothermal reaction and pyrolysis method	Porous structure with smooth-faced surfaces	1033.25 @ 0.2 A/g	60%	652.1 @ 610 cycles	[166]

^aICE Initial coulombic efficiency