Fig. 3.

SEM images for MASnI₃ layer on mesoporous TiO₂ layer by using a DMF, b NMP, c GBL, and d DMSO solvents. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. SEM images for FASnI₃ films obtained from different antisolvent processes: e No dripping, f CB, g TL and h DE. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [96]. SEM images of i vapor deposited 100 nm SnI₂, non-annealing MASnI₃ films with j 6, k 10, l 20 and m 40 mg mL⁻¹ MAI precursor solution spin coated and n MASnI₃ films with 20 mg mL⁻¹ MAI precursor solution spin coated followed by annealing at 80 °C for 10 min. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [75]