Table 6.

Summary of advantages and disadvantage of various synthesis methods for multi-dimensional structures

Synthesis methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Ball milling method	Facile; highly effective; economic; scalable	Products with uneven and large size; generation of noise	[33, 40, 45, 48, 250]
Hydrothermal/solvothermal method	Facile morphological control; controllable size; high purity	High cost; simple morphology; difficult controlled processes; existing safety problems	[38, 46, 61, 62, 99, 106, 157, 199]
Solution method	Well-controlled size; uniform dispersion	Related toxic reagent	[47, 63, 95, 165, 214, 251, 252]
Vaporization–condensation method	Uniform and small size; controllable nanostructure	Difficult controlled distribution; low production efficiency	[50, 122, 217, 253]
Calcination/carbothermic reduction	Well operability; generation of new phases	Large energy consumption; generation of toxic gases	[44, 53–55, 57, 80, 81, 89, 96–98, 100–102, 104, 105, 128, 129, 131, 132, 135, 198, 202]
Electrodeposition method	Uniform size; controllable	Related toxic reagent; large energy consumption	[49]
Solid–liquid reaction method	Simple; facile operability	Related dangerous solution and toxic reagent	[52, 60, 103, 254–256]
Chemical vapor deposition method	Precise controlled products; high purity	Required relatively high deposition temperatures; involving some dangerous precursors; large energy consumption	[127, 257]