Table 3.
Median (range) peak height of fecal metabolites with significant group-by-time interactions or concurrent group and time effects for dogs that received enrofloxacin/metronidazole followed by placebo or synbiotic for 21 days.
| Placebo | Synbiotic | fdr P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Days 26–28 | Days 82–84 | Baseline | Days 26–28 | Days 82–84 | Group* Time | Group | Time | |
| 1-deoxyerythritol | 3,943a,β (2,376–6,884) | 1,759c,β (1,115–3,795) | 2,573b,β (1,251–10,686) | 5,810a,α (3,564–10,619) | 3,286c,α (1,783–4,037) | 3,514b,α (2,194–5,834) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 2-hydroxyglutaric acid | 617bc (351–1,769) | 752b (269–8,379) | 961b (242–3,611) | 497cd (264–881) | 2,999a (734–10,872) | 336d (185–733) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 2-monoolein | 13,913a (9,341–31,985) | 4,732c (2,417–9,397) | 10,091b (4,217–15,122) | 10,370b (996–23,452) | 4,657c (2,260–9,157) | 14,264ab (5,223–17,870) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| 3-phenyllactic acid | 1,589d (621–6,453) | 20,424a (13,289–58,071) | 12,004b (2,943–26,814) | 2,804cd (1,659–7,204) | 35,635a (25,628–54,631) | 5,172c (1,561–10,187) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| Allantoic acid | 574ab (346–9,428) | 363ab (57–5,302) | 372b (98–1,417) | 479b (262–7,659) | 525b (71–8,130) | 1,060a (237–8,365) | 0.045 | ||
| Behenic acid | 17,039a (10,554–27,314) | 12,039b (5,630–33,623) | 8,485c (6,598–16,857) | 18,397a (5,337–37,951) | 8,169c (4,824–16,919) | 9,831bc (3,974–17,712) | 0.045 | <0.01 | |
| Butane-2,3-diol NIST | 3,568c (2,699–7,200) | 66,839ab (1,848–177,389) | 14,081ab (1,978–946,157) | 5,832bc (2,181–74,843) | 73,860a (4,516–207,742) | 3,401c (831–20,343) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Cholesterol | 149,365a,α (103,904–195,152) | 75,299c,α (32,531–146,078) | 83,947b,α (55,654–152,213) | 100,350a,β (75,261–321,230) | 52,181c,β (37,103–73,759) | 87,172b,β (51,653–178,799) | 0.04 | <0.01 | |
| Daidzein | 473b,β (251–5,277) | 9,026a,β (2,351–11,387) | 368b,β (217–9,333) | 921b,α (448–15,926) | 8,394a,α (1,659–15,777) | 5,369b,α (397–15,651) | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Deoxycholic acid | 420,927a (287,558–1,547,882) | 2,962cd (1,273–413,873) | 149,001c (872–267,037) | 225,249b (110,916–674,640) | 2,284d (733–6,615) | 255,829b (3,037–756,630) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| D-erythro-sphingosine | 6,805a (2,526–29,549) | 3,756bc (975–18,571) | 2,036cd (915–5,138) | 4,890ab (955–11,023) | 1,622d (672–9,162) | 4,518ab (3,092–14,801) | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Docosahexaenoic acid | 17,299a,α (13,147–48,544) | 5,222c,α (988–12,968) | 16,575b,α (7,393–31,581) | 11,549a,β (6,307–34,081) | 1,527c,β (1,433–5,486) | 10,141b,β (2,105–18,520) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| Erythritol | 4,250b,β (2,176–21,769) | 13,219a,β (1,480–31,839) | 913c,β (413–11,712) | 4,025b,α (907–19,062) | 24,525a,α (20,722–46,236) | 2,312c,α (852–10,345) | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Ferulic acid | 1,192bc (652–1,736) | 1,920ab (408–4,344) | 563d (137–1,194) | 861cd (405–1,233) | 2,122a (1,300–3,853) | 964bc (522–2,479) | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
| Fucose | 179,811a (41,782–233,563) | 137,082a (3,849–837,808) | 13,332c (8,185–320,277) | 137,859ab (50,951–233,808) | 68,870bc (1,751–169,428) | 120,553ab (17,516–264,172) | 0.01 | ||
| Galactinol | 695b,β (534–1,667) | 981a,β (823–2,975) | 522c,β (303–1,023) | 1,050b,α (518–2,174) | 1,893a,α (1,219–3,985) | 500c,α (279–1,951) | 0.047 | <0.01 | |
| Galactose | 163,560a (56,259–288,199) | 39,870bc (19,078–237,206) | 24,910cd (8,818–308,074) | 102,098ab (46,025–202,159) | 27,749d (7,301–69,499) | 121,530ab (28,291–493,825) | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
| Glutamic acid | 121,446b (95,863–179,885) | 250,811a (116,078–408,091) | 132,799b (60,403–435,886) | 135,038b (95,213–274,191) | 275,893a (162,620–470,665) | 80,460c (30,579–124,299) | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Glutaric acid | 896a,β (426–1,641) | 768a,β (318–3,303) | 470b,β (303–1,245) | 1,141a,α (554–2,124) | 1,343a,α (530–8,514) | 573b,α (519–1,390) | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
| Glycerol-alpha-phosphate | 1,332c (130–2,070) | 2,743b (774–4,096) | 1,420bc (774–2,365) | 1,055c (95–2,587) | 3,960a (2,865–5,321) | 1,224c (253–1,980) | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
| Hexadecylglycerol NIST | 6,021a,α (4,332–11,689) | 2,783c,α (620–3,860) | 4,273b,α (1,897–5,447) | 3,592a,β (2,727–12,350) | 1,632c,β (678–3,580) | 2,959b,β (1,246–5,882) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| Indole-3-propionic acid | 14,629a,α (8,342–41,807) | 6,359b,α (273–11,067) | 21,609a,α (11,397–213,321) | 9,929a,β (6,433–39,621) | 4,103b,β (122–8,132) | 9,006a,β (5,149–261,311) | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Inosine | 843a (191–18,392) | 178c (103–4,221) | 437b (134–6,505) | 2,812a (475–16,194) | 145c (96–253) | 6,424a (417–12,002) | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Isoleucine | 218,417c (144,351–405,106) | 382,705ab (274,560–647,973) | 442,249a (270,033–602,789) | 295,250ab (214,178–674,190) | 322,186b (183,901–691,552) | 420,279a (250,849–929,432) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| Linoleic acid | 31,003a,α (19,842–58,595) | 6,812b,α (2,085–17,820) | 25,853a,α (12,932–47,171) | 14,912a,β (8,022–36,173) | 4,846b,β (1,882–8,382) | 25,814a,β (11,785–33,998) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| Lysine | 91,686a,α (59,571–204,631) | 37,443b,α (4,793–129,197) | 195,379a,α (4,376–244,884) | 88,520a,β (35,630–172,381) | 37,148b,β (19,483–63,945) | 75,462a,β (8,834–135,588) | 0.04 | <0.01 | |
| Maltose | 3,321ab (1,174–15,494) | 2,055b (443–12,081) | 5,510a (990–13,210) | 2,142b (1,296–12,555) | 4,835a (1,370–26,980) | 2,483b (1,114–6,542) | 0.02 | ||
| Methionine sulfoxide | 25,019b,α (16,164–32,096) | 15,187c,α (3,893–40,207) | 43,425a,α (24,804–61,200) | 27,844b,β (9,120–42,782) | 10,510c,β (5,714–17,172) | 29,577a,β (7,316–54,293) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| N-acetylglutamate | 611a (452–1,813) | 545a (306–1,779) | 856a (251–3,533) | 585a (418–2,128) | 570a (269–2,982) | 253b (189–1,387) | 0.02 | ||
| Ornithine | 39,943b,α (7,429–60,274) | 32,926b,α (3,931–67,775) | 106,782a,α (37,067–161,661) | 41,914b,β (14,623–55,508) | 31,069b,β (13,064–44,642) | 38,525a,β (14,556–67,033) | <0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Oxoproline | 61,545bc (54,924–112,476) | 340,035a (82,079–490,827) | 91,480b (48,067–308,646) | 75,373bc (48,333–228,173) | 390,081a (316,439–630,055) | 50,243c (38,250–137,407) | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
| Phenylacetic acid | 4,975b (3,312–24,386) | 1,324c (446–6,138) | 9,494ab (3,106–20,887) | 11,517a (3,607–50,106) | 908c (626–3,941) | 9,363ab (2,780–23,596) | 0.04 | <0.01 | |
| P-hydroxylphenyllactic acid | 552c (305–1,332) | 2,802a (990–7,942) | 2,157b (747–5,019) | 645c (236–3,049) | 5,232a (1,761–8,091) | 856c (402–1,859) | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Phytosphingosine | 6,552a (4,474–14,350) | 3,373bc (1,053–36,357) | 5,011bc (2,568–5,546) | 4,056c (1,714–8,857) | 2,686d (1,639–6,759) | 5,229ab (3,312–11,865) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| Resorcinol | 1,122a (263–1,440) | 86c (60–144) | 298b (127–1,160) | 417b (147–2,294) | 89c (67–107) | 543b (121–1,962) | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
| Ribonic acid | 1,295bc (841–2,265) | 2,623a (1,690–6,569) | 1,252b (659–2,982) | 1,182bc (412–1,987) | 3,303a (2,363–4,531) | 961c (509–1,395) | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
| Sinapinic acid | 793b,β (195–1,046) | 1,872a,β (358–4,872) | 593b,β (459–776) | 776b,α (561–1,769) | 2,750a,α (1,008–5,776) | 782b,α (531–1,458) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| Sorbitol | 7,753a,β (1,676–58,914) | 5,530a,β (1,395–51,870) | 1,853b,β (1,049–2,261) | 5,343a,α (2,302–44,389) | 9,181a,α (3,005–54,449) | 3,107b,α (656–7,939) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| Thymidine | 9,507a,α (4,687–14,694) | 2,350c,α (1,095–7,641) | 7,075b,α (1,920–11,952) | 7,150a,β (4,227–11,471) | 1,826c,β (823–3,809) | 4,999b,β (1,774–12,346) | 0.046 | <0.01 | |
| Thymine | 46,343b (27,601–68,823) | 8,471d (3,608–26,848) | 30,637c (17,424–50,012) | 68,273a (43,452–77,166) | 6,774d (4,152–15,770) | 45,188bc (24,105–75,344) | 0.04 | <0.01 | |
| Tocopherol acetate | 2,491a,β (1,105–7,290) | 1,728b,β (379–3,256) | 1,764b,β (817–5,111) | 5,993a,α (1,472–8,182) | 2,087b,α (934–3,937) | 3,653b,α (760–10,497) | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
| Trans-4-hydroxyproline | 9,801b,β (5,163–14,095) | 12,876a,β (6,879–29,372) | 10,814b,β (6,362–22,934) | 14,413b,α (6,857–26,266) | 22,303a,α (15,712–34,354) | 12,084b,α (8,242–21,617) | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Trehalose | 818c (267–39,653) | 3,345b (424–15,841) | 1,446bc (355–4,849) | 1,515bc (469–33,179) | 24,151a (949–67,966) | 612c (289–5,888) | 0.04 | <0.01 | |
| Tyramine | 144,932cd (44,639–798,913) | 465,802a (273,758–710,593) | 95,257d (14,855–160,213) | 227,211bc (6,229–739,225) | 344,927ab (222,062–866,039) | 387,329ab (81,658–1,045,046) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
| Uridine | 2,015a (779–6,617) | 791b (426–3,758) | 1,089b (614–4,056) | 2,317a (1,511–17,296) | 923b (520–1,473) | 4,861a (1,110–10,101) | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| Urocanic acid | 1,247a,β (733–2,876) | 1,023b,β (263–3,379) | 1,406a,β (598–3,396) | 2,186a,α (869–3,699) | 1,114b,α (420–2,808) | 1,950a,α (1,220–2,390) | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
| Xanthosine | 494a (204–2,836) | 98c (47–641) | 195b (60–1,004) | 774a (290–2,233) | 102c (76–123) | 543a (281–1,597) | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
Profiles that do not share a common superscript letter differed significantly (fdr-adjusted P < 0.05) based on post-hoc analysis.